Pavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as conditioning. While the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The assistant’s footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of footsteps with the coming o f food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs’ salivation (which he termed â€Å"psychic secretions†) in these types of scenarios (Fancher Rutherford, 2012, p. 248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov’s examinations led to the development of classical conditioning. Conditioned Response Experiment To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response. Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive salivating when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation is the response, which occur during learning. Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog’s cheek to allow a proper collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly how much theShow MoreRelatedPsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesand measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, ppRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 Pageshave a detrimental effect on the infant’s future relationships. (Bruno et al., 2014) Pavlov and Skinner are two other theorists with views on behaviours which can be applied to attachment. Pavlov’s theory is that of classical conditioning which focuses on involuntary behaviours. While Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviours. (Cherry, no date) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is that an unconditioned stimulus will trigger an unconditioned response. The unconditionedRead Moreconsumer behaviour1622 Words   |  7 Pagesessentially a conscious problem solving and learning model of consumer behaviour. This model has a good description of active information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is the stimulus. The consumer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of consumer buyer behaviour from the stimulus, through the purchase to post purchaseRead MoreOperant Conditioning in the Criminal Ju Essay2660 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Z. M. Keys Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 17 October 2014 The only way to tell whether a given event is reinforcing to a given organism under given conditions is to make a direct test. We observe the frequency of a selected response, then make an event contingent upon it and observe any change in frequency. If there is a change, we classify the event as reinforcing to the organism under the existing conditionsRead MoreLearning Final Integrative Paper Aisha Khawaja 121972 Words   |  8 PagesKhawaja 1 Running head: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Distinctions between classical and operant conditioning Aisha Khawaja New Jersey City University Khawaja 2 Running head: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Abstract There are many differences between classical and operant conditioning that will be discussed in this paper. These two types of conditioning are often misinterpreted by many individuals; therefore, it is important to distinguish theRead MoreCompare Contrast Operant Classical Conditioning1642 Words   |  7 Pagesany relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience (Grivas et al, 1999: 318). Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviour in the presence of well-define stimuli (Termpapers, 2003: 01). Learning is the unconscious association between two stimuli which brings about stimulus substitution: Classical Conditioning, CC, Pavlov and the encoding of consequences: Operant Conditioning, OC, Skinner (Grivas et al. 1999: 346-349). This essay will compare and contrast the two learningRead MoreOral Language And Development : Developing Language Through Nature And Nurture Theories Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of Language Learning by Skinner is similar to the General Learning Theory. These focus on the language that kids construct in the environment as they interact with it. Within the behaviorist theory is operant conditioning. This is how a child will learn their language. Operant conditioning can have positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment. An example of this would be when a child does well on a test. If a child does well, the teacher would giveRead MoreInnate Theory : Innate Factors1258 Words   |  6 PagesWith altering a human genetics by this method, it is in turn going to cause great alterations to that child s personality, appearance and of course behaviour. It remains very controversial, though from what I found most objections are from a religious nature stating that ‘it contradicts the fundamental truth of equality between all human beings’, there is a strong prominence of spiritual vs. scientific beliefs. Determinism questions whether we have control, the belief that all events, includingRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate of nature vs nurture is long standing in the world of Psychology. In this essay we shall look at the different perspectives and theories from the behaviourist and biological approaches and the objective of this assignment is to discuss the importance of attachment in human development. To do this we can make reference to the case of Genie who suffered severe neglect as a child. Behaviourism was first introduced by John Watson who opposed the naturists and took the view that the mind isRead MoreThe Four Major Schools Of Thought2593 Words   |  11 Pagesknowledge we know of the world is achieved through our sensory experiences. Within Behaviourism, there is Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning a new behaviour through the process of association. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologis t developed this theory. He did this by researching digestive systems of dogs. (McLeod, S. A. (2007). Pavlov s Dogs.) Pavlov understood that when dogs saw food they began salivating however he made a discovery that associating

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Essay

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Its the amendment all United States citizens know: the first. This amendment is so huge that there is even an organization dedicated to protecting the rights guaranteed by it called the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Some people nowadays disagree with the idea that freedom of expression is guaranteed, believing only freedom of speech and religious practices are express rights given by the constitution in the first amendment, and that the term freedom of expression is too broad an interpretation. Art, clothing, and other forms a person uses to express themselves can be severely limited some people argue; however if they were to take a look at some of the important events in the†¦show more content†¦Also the black wrist bands worn by students all across the nation in protest of the U.S.s troops in Vietnam was a form of peaceful expression people who are stricter about the first amendments meaning would be against; i.e. its not being spoken, but symbolized. A group of people who completely embody the concept of freedom of expression getting taken away equalling a violent result are the Nazis. Granted they often have their rallies in places with a high concentration of Jews, however if they are not given the opportunity to peacefully rally, they may turn to violent acts to prove their point. Could this country endure a holocaust, however small it may be, just because people werent allowed to express their views on flags, posters, clothing, etc.? Not only in America does this theory happen. In Tiananmen Square in China on October 3, 1989, a group of Chinese people were protesting the system of government at the time. Hundreds of peaceful protesters said that they wouldnt move from the square until the government would agree to some form of democratic influence. The government told them to move, and when they wouldnt, said they would use any means necessary to move them. The means? Several tanks and military soldiers. Hundreds of people were killed that day when the tanks and military opened fire on the protesters. Is this a prelude to what may happen in AmericaShow MoreRelatedSpeech Free Speech On The Freedom Of Speech1380 Words   |  6 Pages or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the ci tizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea without the fear of censorship by the governmentRead MoreIs Flag Burning Protected By The First Amendment?1617 Words   |  7 Pages or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the citizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea without the fear of censorship by the governmentRead MoreFlag Burning - a Persuasive Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesName Professor Class Date Freedom of Speech: Flag Burning Flag burning has been one of the most controversial forms of nonviolent protests. It is often linked with the Middle East and Hezbollah with depictions of Arabs against President Bush burning the American flag. Americans are intimidated and threatened by this action, but that does not make it illegal. Supreme Court rulings have upheld that peaceful flag desecration is a form of political speech that should be protected by our ConstitutionRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of The Us Constitution1439 Words   |  6 Pagesthe US Constitution is the freedom of speech. Something so ingrained in the country, that it is often an afterthought for many Americans. John Stuart Mill believes that freedom of expression and speech is a necessity for the human race to advance and evolve. Mill’s justification of this absolute freedom come from the understanding that mistakes and choices made by the person leads to progress and the development of your individual self. He also argues that speech must be absolute because the onlyRead More Symbolic Speech Should Be Protected Essay2523 Words   |  11 Pagesdeath your right to say it† (Columbia). This right to express ones opinion can be characterized as â€Å"freedom of speech.† The concept of â€Å"freedom of speech† is a Constitutional right in the United States, guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the GovernmentRead MoreEssay on Human Rights, War and Terrorism1226 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that when lessons are not learnt from historical event, they will repeat themselves. The horrors of the World War 1 and 2 still live within us. The wound of the 9/11 attacks is still fresh. The occupation of the United States of America in Iraq and Afghanistan is a continuous infringement of their rights to life, peace, self-determination, just to mention a few. The United Nations Charter provides in its Article 2(4) that all members shall retrain in their internationalRead MoreThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 Pagessupporters of public prayer, the constitution supports their freedom of religion to be able to uplift prayers whenever they wish. For the ones who oppose public prayer, the constitution states the separation of church and state. The United States has had a moral decline since prayers were taken out of our schools. Until the early 20th Century, prayer was an accepted feature of public education. During the 18th and 19th centuries, America continued a de facto Christian homeland, and public schoolRead MoreThe United States Constitution Is The Backbone Of Our Country1861 Words   |  8 Pagesstates that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (law.cornell.edu). Th e First Amendment guarantees our freedom of expression. Arguably our most beloved Amendment, it was written first for a reason. While our 1st Amendment rights do not become void inside the confinesRead MoreCivil Liberties And Multiculturalism : The Freedom Of The Human Mind1430 Words   |  6 PagesSara Racchi Professor Vinecour Civil Liberties Multiculturalism INSERT DATE INSERT TITLE While speaking about the University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"This institution will be based on the illimitable freedom of the human mind. For here we are not afraid to follow truth wherever it may lead, nor to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it.† ( ) What Jefferson understood, along with the other founding fathers, is college is meant to be a forum for diverseRead MoreSymbolic Speech And Its Impact1454 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolic speech is protected in the United States constitution which evidently says: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press...† (U. S. Constitution). The freedom of speech represents one of the most vital amendments in the United States Constitution and carries its involvement regularly. The several varieties of speech that is protected in the Constitution affects each ind ividual

What Creativity Means to Me Free Essays

Plan essay #2 Robby Allen What Creativity means to me. When the word creativity pops in my head I immediately start to think of the word style. If you think of the word style, to me it is a way of creating a certain type of creative form that I would call my own. We will write a custom essay sample on What Creativity Means to Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are lots of activity’s and hobbies that I enjoy to do. One of the best examples I can give to the meaning of style is wakeboarding, which is a form of waterskiing. Style in wakeboarding is everything. It can be anything from the way you were your swim shorts, to the way you hold the handle at the end of the rope. When I see other people wakeboard on the water it makes me think of my style and how I can incorporate that persons style and form it with my own to make a more creative style than which I had before. This will help me towards future goals in learning new tricks and giving them my own little â€Å"pizzazz†. Although we need to remember that we use the word â€Å"creativity† all the time, it is not something you can sell in a can. Being creative is something that you do when you engage in the act of making something happen. A lot of people mistakenly think that when they explore their creativity, they will have to come up with something no-one in history has ever thought of. That’s not creativity! Creativity is when a little kid tries to get at a toy on a high shelf with a stick. This happens to virtually everybody not just kids. But each time, it is someone using their Creativity to get something they wanted or to reach a goal. I know that I can achieve all my goals in wakeboarding as long as I continue to keep testing my physical abilities and pushing myself to the next level. When asked what does creativity mean to me? I now know to respond with giving an example of what I like to do and how I can get continually creative using my example. Managing your creativity is the challenge, but it is possible and actually a lot easier than you think it is. I choose where I take my creativeness. I am in charge of figuring out how I can become creative on a constant basis and how I can maintain it, and you can too. Creativity to me is the style in which a person chooses to portray them self when they do whatever it is that they like to do. How to cite What Creativity Means to Me, Essay examples

Theoretical - Empirical - and Clinical Investigations

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical, Empirical, and Clinical Investigations. Answer: The present discourse is attempting to make a thorough evaluation of a particular article by doing a deliberate review upon it. Hence, the intention is to identify the distinct purpose established through the article by identifying and elaborating the key issues and conceptual perspectives discussed throughout the considered literary piece. Additionally, the key propositions made by the respected author of the concerned research essay will be considered in terms of understanding whether they have been relevant for the fundamental aim of the article. Most importantly, the essay will give effort to point out whether the applied methods of the reviewed article have been apposite or not. Initially, it should be contemplated that the chief aim of the article The individual and Organization: Some problems of Mutual Adjustment by Chris Argyris is found to be, understanding the unsuitable relation between an individual personality and the desires of a formal organization. To reach to an apt conclusion as well as to determine whether there is actually any incongruity between a rational and healthy individual and the demands of formal organization, the author has elaborated properties of a human individual and the properties of typical formal organizations. It should be appreciated that the author has chosen to give a crisp preface prior to delve into the topic that provides an outline of the entire article. That is why it can be said that the writer has made it easy for the readers to get a brief view regarding what they are going to read. However, it is important to denote that the aim has been accompanied with thorough elaboration of both formal organization and indivi dual self. In this seems supportive for establishing the purpose. Nevertheless, it should be said in this context that the article is required to be called a research article as the concerned piece has not been constructed entirely with the authors own perceptions and knowledge. For obtaining a convenient understanding along with to its aim, the author has taken help from several relevant scholarly articles and analyzed them with proper amount of priority. After going through the entire article, it also can be said that in terms of methodology, the author has used the secondary method for collecting required data from scholarly resources. At the same time has made his own opinion regarding the understanding he gained from those resources. According to Burgess and Cargill (2013), it is one of the best way to reach to a hypothesis as the way supports a writer or a researcher with relevant evidences. That is why it has to be said that the methodological style of discussing the data matches with the attribute of both descriptive and explanatory researc h. It is because while the descriptive research helps to increase the volume of knowledge, the explanatory style assists to connect propositions with concepts (Winterson 2013). The author of the reviewed article has elaborated information gained from resources and thereafter has attempted to connect them with his individual perception. Coming to the point of prime topics, the article has evaluated three main topics in an illustrated manner. Initially after a profound introduction, the author has emphasized the properties of human personality. According to this particular section of the essay, personality is an aspect that desires to make balance between adjustment and adaptation and it is expressed through individual capabilities. In this context, it should be kept in mind that personality is subjected to personal development (Williams 2016). Interestingly the author has not also ignored this significant fact and hence has highlighted the premises, which is desired to tend by the individual personalities. In this respect, it has been found that the personality tends to develop by being dependent upon others in the infant stage. The personality in the adult stage generally prefers to break all the shackles of infancy and transforms with different attributes (Westenberg et al. 2013). The same has been jot down by the author in terms of pointing that the erratic and casual personality of childhood gradually starts express its wish to have deep interest as adults. In this respect, it is significant to point out that in time of noting down several dimensions of the concept of personal development; Chris Argyris has identified a singular similar characteristic feature, irrespective of every individual. According to Mr. Argyris, the only similar for all individuals is the unhealthy personality, which is found to grow with age. Moreover, as per Argyris, this attribute can be used as a model that outlines the rudimentary growth style (Edmondson 2015). Nevertheless, the very next segment of the article articulates another important key premise of the article, which is the property of formal organization. In this particular segment, the author has taken help of several resources written by famous authors like L. Urwick. In this context, it has is noteworthy to say that Urwicks concept regarding the creation of formal organization and the failure of organizations to draw a proper and convenient structure is worth considerable while discussing about fundamental properties of formal organizations (Manolova et al. 2012). The author has judged the selected resource with profound knowledge and has justified it with the sayings of other honorary persons. After considering this particular section, it is understandable that formal organizations fail to accomplish an ideal structure and most of their structures are reflections of their ambition. It is true as per the fact that business organizations or specifically the formal organizations ha ve always given priority to their own goals at the first phase (Young et al. 2016). This is probably the fact that strongly contradicts the basic duty of an organization to provide an atmosphere where individuals can act rationally (Herrmann and Herrmann-Nehdi 2015). The article shows through this descriptive segment that organization should not cross the limit of creating a situation for adjustment and requires taking right steps in the right time. It is a true fact that organizations with perfect structure are hard to fine. The interpretations of the author regarding his illustration, on the properties of formal organization suit perfectly with this very belief. However, possibly the most important part of the article is the discussion on the incongruous relation between a mature and healthy individual and the requirements of formal organization. This part has potentially yet reasonably discussed that how dominating demands of formal organizations force a man to become suppressive and dependent upon the management against their actual desire of maturity. As per Taylor (2013), the main symptom of maturity is it attracts a person towards the concept of freedom and independence. Contradictorily, most of the formal enterprises desire to have those employees who will act as per the organizational goal and should not express their desire to become independent in terms of maturity (Rodger 2012). This particular concept has been identified and brilliantly established with the help of significant practical examples. The author has tried with all his best to establish that those employees fit best with an organization that can enact certain childish behavior like complete dependence and obedience to abide all the rules of formal organizations. That is how the author argues about how there is little scopes to have a healthy personality while fulfilling the demands of the formal organization. After considering the entire essay, it can be pointed out that the author has utilized all the possible ways to establish his hypothesis that, demands of formal enterprises do not satisfy the requirements of a healthy person. Moreover, he has not ended his discourse just by showing that his approach has been directed in right way to establish his perception but also has given probable results of the incongruence between the two aspects. According to his propositions, without the scopes for self actualization, individual will grow frustration, conflict and passive aggression. Additionally, lack of control over clarity for future creates perspectives which are short term (Bell and Khoury, 2016). Most significantly, to extract these propositions, the author has carefully illustrated three chief facets of task specialization that belongs to the properties of formal organization. It can be therefore state that before reaching to the negative impact of formal organization on mature individual, the writer has attempted to analyze all the potential premises related to formal enterprises. The review indicates that all the arguments initiated by the author have been clearly yet adhesively underpinned as each of the relative discussion on the arguments has been found to have link with each other. A discourse or an argumentative article can establish itself as an understandable and informative literary piece only when each of the key aspects of the essay are found to have coherent attachment with each other (Winterson 2013). The review says that, the considered article is no exception of that. Most significant implication of the entire article is probably the indication that, formal organizations of the present world are proving unhealthy for the mature inhabitants. Employees are more finding uncertainties and lack of scopes for self actualization rather than peace while working in the formal organizations (Luyten and Blatt 2013). However, instead of establishing the essay in a proper methodological way and taking account of the Works manager from the Radio Corporation, it can be said that Chris Argyris should have taken some narratives of employees who are presently working under formal organizations to establish his propositions more strongly. References Bell, C.M. and Khoury, C., 2016. Organizational powerlessness, dehumanization, and gendered effects of procedural justice.Journal of Managerial Psychology,31(2), pp.570-585. Burgess, S. and Cargill, M., 2013. Using genre analysis and corpus linguistics to teach research article writing.Supporting research writing: Roles and challenges in multilingual settings, pp.55-71. Edmondson, A.C., 2015. Chris Argyris (19232013). Herrmann, N. and Herrmann-Nehdi, A., 2015.The Whole Brain Business Book: Unlocking the Power of Whole Brain Thinking in Organizations, Teams, and Individuals. McGraw Hill Professional. Luyten, P. and Blatt, S.J., 2013. Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition in normal and disrupted personality development: retrospect and prospect.American Psychologist,68(3), p.172. Manolova, T.S., Edelman, L.F., Brush, C.G. and Rotefoss, B., 2012. Properties of emerging organizations: empirical evidence from Norway.Small Business Economics,39(3), pp.763-781. Rodger, J., 2012.Criminalising social policy: anti-social behaviour and welfare in a de-civilised society. Routledge. Taylor, J., 2013. Hume on the Importance of Humanity.Revue internationale de philosophie, (1), pp.81-97. Westenberg, P.M., Blasi, A. and Cohn, L.D. eds., 2013.Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger's conception of ego development. Psychology Press. Williams, J.A., 2016.Flashbacks: a twenty-year diary of article writing. Open Road Media. Winterson, J., 2013.Art objects: Essays on ecstasy and effrontery. Random House. Young, R.P., Burgess, D.A., Kerns, R.W. and Rugg, P., Shocase, Inc., 2016.System and method for curation of notable work and relating it to involved organizations and individuals. U.S. Patent Application 15/057,371.