Pavlov s Classical Conditioning Vs. Operant Conditioning

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning vs. B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Bhavika D. Patel Atlantic Community College Abstract Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner both studied learning, in which they both did different experiments on different animals and with different conditioning. Classical conditioning is the process in which two stimuli become linked; once this association has been recognized, an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to provoke an involuntary response. The dogs in Pavlov’s studies learned to associate countless stimuli with the expectation of food, which caused in them salivating when the stimuli were presented. Pavlov revealed how such associations are learned, and referred to this process as conditioning. While the†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The assistant’s footsteps, for example, seemed to act like a trigger (the stimulus) for the dog to start salivating (the response). Pavlov had discovered how associations develop through the process of learning, which he referred to as conditioning (Licht, 2016) The dog was correlating the sound of footsteps with the coming o f food; it had been conditioned to subordinate certain sights and sounds with eating. Intrigued by his discovery, Pavlov decided to focus his research of dogs’ salivation (which he termed â€Å"psychic secretions†) in these types of scenarios (Fancher Rutherford, 2012, p. 248; Watson, 1968). Pavlov’s examinations led to the development of classical conditioning. Conditioned Response Experiment To prove the process of classical conditioning Pavlov had created a basic research plan. Pavlov had followed up to his observation and examining the connection between stimulus and response. Pavlov has concluded that the type of behavior he was studying was involuntary or reflexive salivating when there is food is universal, whereas the connection of sound and footsteps and salivating is learned. Pavlov basically states that the sound of footsteps is the stimulus and salivation is the response, which occur during learning. Pavlov experiments led him to surgically insert a tube into the dog’s cheek to allow a proper collection of saliva. The tube was led to a measuring device which Pavlov used to calculate exactly how much theShow MoreRelatedPsychological Conditioning and Theories of Behavior1013 Words   |  4 Pagesand measured). Ivan Pavlov, for instance, was researching the digestive systems of dogs and led him to the discovery of classical condition, a way to modify behaviors using conditioned responses. Pavlovs views intrigued American John Watson, who pushed the idea forward in up through the 1950s. Building on these theories, but amending the model with the effects of punishment and reward, B.F. Skinners work had a revolutionary effect on behaviorism, now called operant conditioning (Shiraev, 2010, ppRead MoreBowlby s Theory Of Attachment1255 Words   |  6 Pageshave a detrimental effect on the infant’s future relationships. (Bruno et al., 2014) Pavlov and Skinner are two other theorists with views on behaviours which can be applied to attachment. Pavlov’s theory is that of classical conditioning which focuses on involuntary behaviours. While Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviours. (Cherry, no date) Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning is that an unconditioned stimulus will trigger an unconditioned response. The unconditionedRead Moreconsumer behaviour1622 Words   |  7 Pagesessentially a conscious problem solving and learning model of consumer behaviour. This model has a good description of active information seeking and evaluation processes of consumer. The information processed in this model is the stimulus. The consumer ¡Ã‚ ¦s decision processes act upon this stimulus in order to determine a response to it. These models attempt to explain each stage and show interrelated between the stages of consumer buyer behaviour from the stimulus, through the purchase to post purchaseRead MoreOperant Conditioning in the Criminal Ju Essay2660 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Z. M. Keys Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 17 October 2014 The only way to tell whether a given event is reinforcing to a given organism under given conditions is to make a direct test. We observe the frequency of a selected response, then make an event contingent upon it and observe any change in frequency. If there is a change, we classify the event as reinforcing to the organism under the existing conditionsRead MoreLearning Final Integrative Paper Aisha Khawaja 121972 Words   |  8 PagesKhawaja 1 Running head: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Distinctions between classical and operant conditioning Aisha Khawaja New Jersey City University Khawaja 2 Running head: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Abstract There are many differences between classical and operant conditioning that will be discussed in this paper. These two types of conditioning are often misinterpreted by many individuals; therefore, it is important to distinguish theRead MoreCompare Contrast Operant Classical Conditioning1642 Words   |  7 Pagesany relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience (Grivas et al, 1999: 318). Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behaviour in the presence of well-define stimuli (Termpapers, 2003: 01). Learning is the unconscious association between two stimuli which brings about stimulus substitution: Classical Conditioning, CC, Pavlov and the encoding of consequences: Operant Conditioning, OC, Skinner (Grivas et al. 1999: 346-349). This essay will compare and contrast the two learningRead MoreOral Language And Development : Developing Language Through Nature And Nurture Theories Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesTheory of Language Learning by Skinner is similar to the General Learning Theory. These focus on the language that kids construct in the environment as they interact with it. Within the behaviorist theory is operant conditioning. This is how a child will learn their language. Operant conditioning can have positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment. An example of this would be when a child does well on a test. If a child does well, the teacher would giveRead MoreInnate Theory : Innate Factors1258 Words   |  6 PagesWith altering a human genetics by this method, it is in turn going to cause great alterations to that child s personality, appearance and of course behaviour. It remains very controversial, though from what I found most objections are from a religious nature stating that ‘it contradicts the fundamental truth of equality between all human beings’, there is a strong prominence of spiritual vs. scientific beliefs. Determinism questions whether we have control, the belief that all events, includingRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate of nature vs nurture is long standing in the world of Psychology. In this essay we shall look at the different perspectives and theories from the behaviourist and biological approaches and the objective of this assignment is to discuss the importance of attachment in human development. To do this we can make reference to the case of Genie who suffered severe neglect as a child. Behaviourism was first introduced by John Watson who opposed the naturists and took the view that the mind isRead MoreThe Four Major Schools Of Thought2593 Words   |  11 Pagesknowledge we know of the world is achieved through our sensory experiences. Within Behaviourism, there is Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning a new behaviour through the process of association. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologis t developed this theory. He did this by researching digestive systems of dogs. (McLeod, S. A. (2007). Pavlov s Dogs.) Pavlov understood that when dogs saw food they began salivating however he made a discovery that associating

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Essay

Freedom of Expression Must be Upheld in America Its the amendment all United States citizens know: the first. This amendment is so huge that there is even an organization dedicated to protecting the rights guaranteed by it called the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Some people nowadays disagree with the idea that freedom of expression is guaranteed, believing only freedom of speech and religious practices are express rights given by the constitution in the first amendment, and that the term freedom of expression is too broad an interpretation. Art, clothing, and other forms a person uses to express themselves can be severely limited some people argue; however if they were to take a look at some of the important events in the†¦show more content†¦Also the black wrist bands worn by students all across the nation in protest of the U.S.s troops in Vietnam was a form of peaceful expression people who are stricter about the first amendments meaning would be against; i.e. its not being spoken, but symbolized. A group of people who completely embody the concept of freedom of expression getting taken away equalling a violent result are the Nazis. Granted they often have their rallies in places with a high concentration of Jews, however if they are not given the opportunity to peacefully rally, they may turn to violent acts to prove their point. Could this country endure a holocaust, however small it may be, just because people werent allowed to express their views on flags, posters, clothing, etc.? Not only in America does this theory happen. In Tiananmen Square in China on October 3, 1989, a group of Chinese people were protesting the system of government at the time. Hundreds of peaceful protesters said that they wouldnt move from the square until the government would agree to some form of democratic influence. The government told them to move, and when they wouldnt, said they would use any means necessary to move them. The means? Several tanks and military soldiers. Hundreds of people were killed that day when the tanks and military opened fire on the protesters. Is this a prelude to what may happen in AmericaShow MoreRelatedSpeech Free Speech On The Freedom Of Speech1380 Words   |  6 Pages or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the ci tizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea without the fear of censorship by the governmentRead MoreIs Flag Burning Protected By The First Amendment?1617 Words   |  7 Pages or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people to peaceably assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. This freedom of speech clause as included in the First Amendment guarantees the citizens of America to express information and ideas freely. But is all form of speech free? On the most basic level, this clause allows for the expression of an opinion or idea without the fear of censorship by the governmentRead MoreFlag Burning - a Persuasive Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesName Professor Class Date Freedom of Speech: Flag Burning Flag burning has been one of the most controversial forms of nonviolent protests. It is often linked with the Middle East and Hezbollah with depictions of Arabs against President Bush burning the American flag. Americans are intimidated and threatened by this action, but that does not make it illegal. Supreme Court rulings have upheld that peaceful flag desecration is a form of political speech that should be protected by our ConstitutionRead MoreThe Fundamental Principles Of The Us Constitution1439 Words   |  6 Pagesthe US Constitution is the freedom of speech. Something so ingrained in the country, that it is often an afterthought for many Americans. John Stuart Mill believes that freedom of expression and speech is a necessity for the human race to advance and evolve. Mill’s justification of this absolute freedom come from the understanding that mistakes and choices made by the person leads to progress and the development of your individual self. He also argues that speech must be absolute because the onlyRead More Symbolic Speech Should Be Protected Essay2523 Words   |  11 Pagesdeath your right to say it† (Columbia). This right to express ones opinion can be characterized as â€Å"freedom of speech.† The concept of â€Å"freedom of speech† is a Constitutional right in the United States, guaranteed under the First Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the GovernmentRead MoreEssay on Human Rights, War and Terrorism1226 Words   |  5 Pagessaid that when lessons are not learnt from historical event, they will repeat themselves. The horrors of the World War 1 and 2 still live within us. The wound of the 9/11 attacks is still fresh. The occupation of the United States of America in Iraq and Afghanistan is a continuous infringement of their rights to life, peace, self-determination, just to mention a few. The United Nations Charter provides in its Article 2(4) that all members shall retrain in their internationalRead MoreThe Prayer On Public Schools1240 Words   |  5 Pagessupporters of public prayer, the constitution supports their freedom of religion to be able to uplift prayers whenever they wish. For the ones who oppose public prayer, the constitution states the separation of church and state. The United States has had a moral decline since prayers were taken out of our schools. Until the early 20th Century, prayer was an accepted feature of public education. During the 18th and 19th centuries, America continued a de facto Christian homeland, and public schoolRead MoreThe United States Constitution Is The Backbone Of Our Country1861 Words   |  8 Pagesstates that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (law.cornell.edu). Th e First Amendment guarantees our freedom of expression. Arguably our most beloved Amendment, it was written first for a reason. While our 1st Amendment rights do not become void inside the confinesRead MoreCivil Liberties And Multiculturalism : The Freedom Of The Human Mind1430 Words   |  6 PagesSara Racchi Professor Vinecour Civil Liberties Multiculturalism INSERT DATE INSERT TITLE While speaking about the University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson once said, â€Å"This institution will be based on the illimitable freedom of the human mind. For here we are not afraid to follow truth wherever it may lead, nor to tolerate any error so long as reason is left free to combat it.† ( ) What Jefferson understood, along with the other founding fathers, is college is meant to be a forum for diverseRead MoreSymbolic Speech And Its Impact1454 Words   |  6 Pagessymbolic speech is protected in the United States constitution which evidently says: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press...† (U. S. Constitution). The freedom of speech represents one of the most vital amendments in the United States Constitution and carries its involvement regularly. The several varieties of speech that is protected in the Constitution affects each ind ividual

What Creativity Means to Me Free Essays

Plan essay #2 Robby Allen What Creativity means to me. When the word creativity pops in my head I immediately start to think of the word style. If you think of the word style, to me it is a way of creating a certain type of creative form that I would call my own. We will write a custom essay sample on What Creativity Means to Me or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are lots of activity’s and hobbies that I enjoy to do. One of the best examples I can give to the meaning of style is wakeboarding, which is a form of waterskiing. Style in wakeboarding is everything. It can be anything from the way you were your swim shorts, to the way you hold the handle at the end of the rope. When I see other people wakeboard on the water it makes me think of my style and how I can incorporate that persons style and form it with my own to make a more creative style than which I had before. This will help me towards future goals in learning new tricks and giving them my own little â€Å"pizzazz†. Although we need to remember that we use the word â€Å"creativity† all the time, it is not something you can sell in a can. Being creative is something that you do when you engage in the act of making something happen. A lot of people mistakenly think that when they explore their creativity, they will have to come up with something no-one in history has ever thought of. That’s not creativity! Creativity is when a little kid tries to get at a toy on a high shelf with a stick. This happens to virtually everybody not just kids. But each time, it is someone using their Creativity to get something they wanted or to reach a goal. I know that I can achieve all my goals in wakeboarding as long as I continue to keep testing my physical abilities and pushing myself to the next level. When asked what does creativity mean to me? I now know to respond with giving an example of what I like to do and how I can get continually creative using my example. Managing your creativity is the challenge, but it is possible and actually a lot easier than you think it is. I choose where I take my creativeness. I am in charge of figuring out how I can become creative on a constant basis and how I can maintain it, and you can too. Creativity to me is the style in which a person chooses to portray them self when they do whatever it is that they like to do. How to cite What Creativity Means to Me, Essay examples

Theoretical - Empirical - and Clinical Investigations

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical, Empirical, and Clinical Investigations. Answer: The present discourse is attempting to make a thorough evaluation of a particular article by doing a deliberate review upon it. Hence, the intention is to identify the distinct purpose established through the article by identifying and elaborating the key issues and conceptual perspectives discussed throughout the considered literary piece. Additionally, the key propositions made by the respected author of the concerned research essay will be considered in terms of understanding whether they have been relevant for the fundamental aim of the article. Most importantly, the essay will give effort to point out whether the applied methods of the reviewed article have been apposite or not. Initially, it should be contemplated that the chief aim of the article The individual and Organization: Some problems of Mutual Adjustment by Chris Argyris is found to be, understanding the unsuitable relation between an individual personality and the desires of a formal organization. To reach to an apt conclusion as well as to determine whether there is actually any incongruity between a rational and healthy individual and the demands of formal organization, the author has elaborated properties of a human individual and the properties of typical formal organizations. It should be appreciated that the author has chosen to give a crisp preface prior to delve into the topic that provides an outline of the entire article. That is why it can be said that the writer has made it easy for the readers to get a brief view regarding what they are going to read. However, it is important to denote that the aim has been accompanied with thorough elaboration of both formal organization and indivi dual self. In this seems supportive for establishing the purpose. Nevertheless, it should be said in this context that the article is required to be called a research article as the concerned piece has not been constructed entirely with the authors own perceptions and knowledge. For obtaining a convenient understanding along with to its aim, the author has taken help from several relevant scholarly articles and analyzed them with proper amount of priority. After going through the entire article, it also can be said that in terms of methodology, the author has used the secondary method for collecting required data from scholarly resources. At the same time has made his own opinion regarding the understanding he gained from those resources. According to Burgess and Cargill (2013), it is one of the best way to reach to a hypothesis as the way supports a writer or a researcher with relevant evidences. That is why it has to be said that the methodological style of discussing the data matches with the attribute of both descriptive and explanatory researc h. It is because while the descriptive research helps to increase the volume of knowledge, the explanatory style assists to connect propositions with concepts (Winterson 2013). The author of the reviewed article has elaborated information gained from resources and thereafter has attempted to connect them with his individual perception. Coming to the point of prime topics, the article has evaluated three main topics in an illustrated manner. Initially after a profound introduction, the author has emphasized the properties of human personality. According to this particular section of the essay, personality is an aspect that desires to make balance between adjustment and adaptation and it is expressed through individual capabilities. In this context, it should be kept in mind that personality is subjected to personal development (Williams 2016). Interestingly the author has not also ignored this significant fact and hence has highlighted the premises, which is desired to tend by the individual personalities. In this respect, it has been found that the personality tends to develop by being dependent upon others in the infant stage. The personality in the adult stage generally prefers to break all the shackles of infancy and transforms with different attributes (Westenberg et al. 2013). The same has been jot down by the author in terms of pointing that the erratic and casual personality of childhood gradually starts express its wish to have deep interest as adults. In this respect, it is significant to point out that in time of noting down several dimensions of the concept of personal development; Chris Argyris has identified a singular similar characteristic feature, irrespective of every individual. According to Mr. Argyris, the only similar for all individuals is the unhealthy personality, which is found to grow with age. Moreover, as per Argyris, this attribute can be used as a model that outlines the rudimentary growth style (Edmondson 2015). Nevertheless, the very next segment of the article articulates another important key premise of the article, which is the property of formal organization. In this particular segment, the author has taken help of several resources written by famous authors like L. Urwick. In this context, it has is noteworthy to say that Urwicks concept regarding the creation of formal organization and the failure of organizations to draw a proper and convenient structure is worth considerable while discussing about fundamental properties of formal organizations (Manolova et al. 2012). The author has judged the selected resource with profound knowledge and has justified it with the sayings of other honorary persons. After considering this particular section, it is understandable that formal organizations fail to accomplish an ideal structure and most of their structures are reflections of their ambition. It is true as per the fact that business organizations or specifically the formal organizations ha ve always given priority to their own goals at the first phase (Young et al. 2016). This is probably the fact that strongly contradicts the basic duty of an organization to provide an atmosphere where individuals can act rationally (Herrmann and Herrmann-Nehdi 2015). The article shows through this descriptive segment that organization should not cross the limit of creating a situation for adjustment and requires taking right steps in the right time. It is a true fact that organizations with perfect structure are hard to fine. The interpretations of the author regarding his illustration, on the properties of formal organization suit perfectly with this very belief. However, possibly the most important part of the article is the discussion on the incongruous relation between a mature and healthy individual and the requirements of formal organization. This part has potentially yet reasonably discussed that how dominating demands of formal organizations force a man to become suppressive and dependent upon the management against their actual desire of maturity. As per Taylor (2013), the main symptom of maturity is it attracts a person towards the concept of freedom and independence. Contradictorily, most of the formal enterprises desire to have those employees who will act as per the organizational goal and should not express their desire to become independent in terms of maturity (Rodger 2012). This particular concept has been identified and brilliantly established with the help of significant practical examples. The author has tried with all his best to establish that those employees fit best with an organization that can enact certain childish behavior like complete dependence and obedience to abide all the rules of formal organizations. That is how the author argues about how there is little scopes to have a healthy personality while fulfilling the demands of the formal organization. After considering the entire essay, it can be pointed out that the author has utilized all the possible ways to establish his hypothesis that, demands of formal enterprises do not satisfy the requirements of a healthy person. Moreover, he has not ended his discourse just by showing that his approach has been directed in right way to establish his perception but also has given probable results of the incongruence between the two aspects. According to his propositions, without the scopes for self actualization, individual will grow frustration, conflict and passive aggression. Additionally, lack of control over clarity for future creates perspectives which are short term (Bell and Khoury, 2016). Most significantly, to extract these propositions, the author has carefully illustrated three chief facets of task specialization that belongs to the properties of formal organization. It can be therefore state that before reaching to the negative impact of formal organization on mature individual, the writer has attempted to analyze all the potential premises related to formal enterprises. The review indicates that all the arguments initiated by the author have been clearly yet adhesively underpinned as each of the relative discussion on the arguments has been found to have link with each other. A discourse or an argumentative article can establish itself as an understandable and informative literary piece only when each of the key aspects of the essay are found to have coherent attachment with each other (Winterson 2013). The review says that, the considered article is no exception of that. Most significant implication of the entire article is probably the indication that, formal organizations of the present world are proving unhealthy for the mature inhabitants. Employees are more finding uncertainties and lack of scopes for self actualization rather than peace while working in the formal organizations (Luyten and Blatt 2013). However, instead of establishing the essay in a proper methodological way and taking account of the Works manager from the Radio Corporation, it can be said that Chris Argyris should have taken some narratives of employees who are presently working under formal organizations to establish his propositions more strongly. References Bell, C.M. and Khoury, C., 2016. Organizational powerlessness, dehumanization, and gendered effects of procedural justice.Journal of Managerial Psychology,31(2), pp.570-585. Burgess, S. and Cargill, M., 2013. Using genre analysis and corpus linguistics to teach research article writing.Supporting research writing: Roles and challenges in multilingual settings, pp.55-71. Edmondson, A.C., 2015. Chris Argyris (19232013). Herrmann, N. and Herrmann-Nehdi, A., 2015.The Whole Brain Business Book: Unlocking the Power of Whole Brain Thinking in Organizations, Teams, and Individuals. McGraw Hill Professional. Luyten, P. and Blatt, S.J., 2013. Interpersonal relatedness and self-definition in normal and disrupted personality development: retrospect and prospect.American Psychologist,68(3), p.172. Manolova, T.S., Edelman, L.F., Brush, C.G. and Rotefoss, B., 2012. Properties of emerging organizations: empirical evidence from Norway.Small Business Economics,39(3), pp.763-781. Rodger, J., 2012.Criminalising social policy: anti-social behaviour and welfare in a de-civilised society. Routledge. Taylor, J., 2013. Hume on the Importance of Humanity.Revue internationale de philosophie, (1), pp.81-97. Westenberg, P.M., Blasi, A. and Cohn, L.D. eds., 2013.Personality development: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical investigations of Loevinger's conception of ego development. Psychology Press. Williams, J.A., 2016.Flashbacks: a twenty-year diary of article writing. Open Road Media. Winterson, J., 2013.Art objects: Essays on ecstasy and effrontery. Random House. Young, R.P., Burgess, D.A., Kerns, R.W. and Rugg, P., Shocase, Inc., 2016.System and method for curation of notable work and relating it to involved organizations and individuals. U.S. Patent Application 15/057,371.

APA Guidelines for Correct Form

APA Guidelines for Correct Form APA guidelines have made the documentation process much easier. Using parenthetical citations, you can quickly and easily cite the works of others, avoiding plagiarism and keeping your paper clean. These guidelines have changed since the old days of schooling, and now have been adapted to encompass all sorts of analytical papers and publications. APA Guidelines for Correct Form Perhaps you know how to create a bibliography. But times have changed, and now the correct format for citations is a bit different than you might remember. The days of footnotes and endnotes are long gone, along with pages of citations, for each instance of quotations. What the APA guidelines have done is accomplish documentation with the least amount of hassle. Without unduly interrupting your text, you can quote extensively and give proper credit to the author. In fact, if you quote a single book 56 times, you only need a simple parenthetical citation after each quotation. Then, in your list of works cited, you only need name the publication once. What Are Parenthetical Citations? Parenthetical citations are simply citations enclosed in parentheses at the close of the relevant sentence. Usually these consist of the author or editors last name, along with a page number. These make for easily inserted documentation, and are usually followed by an alphabetized list of sources at the papers end.

Political Geography and Ownership of the Oceans

Political Geography and Ownership of the Oceans The control and ownership of the oceans has long been a controversial topic. Since ancient empires began to sail and trade over the seas, command of coastal areas has been important to governments. However, it wasnt until the twentieth century that countries began to come together to discuss a standardization of maritime boundaries. Surprisingly, the situation still has yet to be resolved. Making Up Their Own Limits From ancient times through the 1950s, countries established the limits of their jurisdiction at sea on their own. While most countries established a distance of three nautical miles, the borders varied between three and 12 nm. These territorial waters are considered part of a countrys jurisdiction, subject to all of the laws of the land of that country. From the 1930s to the 1950s, the world began to realize the value of mineral and oil resources under the oceans. Individual countries began to expand their claims to the ocean for economic development. In 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman claimed the entire continental shelf off the coast of the U.S. (which extends almost 200 nm off the Atlantic coast). In 1952, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador claimed a zone 200 nm from their shores. Standardization The international community realized that something needed to be done to standardize these borders. The first United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS I) met in 1958 to begin discussions on these and other oceanic issues. In 1960 UNCLOS II was held and in 1973 UNCLOS III took place. Following UNCLOS III, a treaty was developed that attempted to tackle the boundary issue. It specified that all coastal countries would have a 12 nm territorial sea and a 200 nm Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Each country would control the economic exploitation and environmental quality of their EEZ. Though the treaty has yet to be ratified, most countries are adhering to its guidelines and have begun to consider themselves ruler over a 200 nm domain. Martin Glassner reports that these territorial seas and EEZs occupy approximately one-third of the world ocean, leaving just two-thirds as high-seas and international waters. What Happens When Countries Are Very Close Together? When two countries lie closer than 400 nm apart (200nm EEZ 200nm EEZ), an EEZ boundary must be drawn between the countries. Countries closer than 24 nm apart draw a median line boundary between each others territorial waters. The UNCLOS protects the right of passage and even flight through (and over) narrow waterways known as chokepoints. What About Islands? Countries like France, which continues to control many small Pacific islands, now have millions of square miles in a potentially profitable ocean area under their control. One controversy over the EEZs has been to determine what constitutes enough of an island to have its own EEZ. The UNCLOS definition is that an island must remain above the water line during high water and may not just be rocks, and must also be habitable for humans. Theres still much to be hammered out regarding the political geography of the oceans but it seems that countries are following the recommendations of the 1982 treaty, which should limit most arguments over control of the sea.

4 questions that need to be answered separately. in one paragraph each Assignment

4 questions that need to be answered separately. in one paragraph each - Assignment Example This argument works through a halo effect, which is a human cognitive bias. Today ad hominem exists as- Abusive, guilt of association, ad feminam, tu quoque and circumstantial just like utilitarianism (Blavatsky 1977 pg.77). One strategy of rebutting evidence is denying the truth in the data. This is the process where testimonies are presented to show or cast doubts in the sufficiency’s of given examples, this makes truth be denied in its own very eyes. Secondly, citing counterexamples and counter testimony also rebuts evidence, here contrary information is provided against the ones already there, and they appear to be true. Thirdly, credibility of authority should be questioned; through the principle of charity, opposing views are summarized to invoke credibility. Lastly, casting doubt on the representativeness and sufficiency of examples; this is applied incase examples are given since they may not be true hence should be interrogated well before accepting them (Blavatsky 1977 pg.197). An example of a categorical evaluation of an argument is A is a good B or A is not a good B. an example of an ethical evaluation of an argument is A is right or A is wrong. These examples explain how judgments will be supported arguments as being bad, good, or important/unimportant (Blavatsky 1977

Animation Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animation Question - Essay Example It is an improvement from 5 drawings because it includes a number of activities. It implies that the character could be having substantial weight (Ratner, 295). It allows the audience to see the character undertake preparations for jumping. At seven drawings, the character is held in the midair. The action creates suspense in the animation, which is a significant aspect of literature. The scenario is an improvement from 15 drawings. It allows the audience to view additional activities. It allows the audience to substantiate the weight of the audience. First, movement of the coyote can be easily noticed as walking or running (Ratner, 295). It then lowers itself down swiftly in order to prepare to jump. It then exposes itself in the air to jump. The coyote successfully suspends itself in the air to create an effect to viewers. The timing also allows the audience to study the relative speeds of the coyote and

History of Religon on Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History of Religon on Planet Earth - Essay Example These different religions have played an important role in the history of human civilization. The history of religion is as old as the human civilization. The ancient human evolved on Earth between 400,000 and 250,000 year ago. It is still unknown that when humans became religious or when did the religion develop on Earth, but there are several evidences about religion being followed by the ancient human, around 300,000 to 50,000 year ago. Symbolic evidences of religion have been retrieved from Africa which belongs to the Middle Stone Age. These evidences symbolize the Lion man, the Venus figurines and the elaborate ritual burial. Urreligion- The term means â€Å"proto religion† or â€Å"primitive religion†. It represents the oldest form of religion. This word contrasts with the organized religion which is theocracies of the ancient urban culture of the current world religion. The Oeconomische Encyclopà ¤die of J. G. Krà ¼nitz (1773 - 1858) defines it as "the oldest natural religion of mankind, in particular the religion of Adam and Eve, which according to the dogmatists is supposed to have been reveald" . There are many other theories like â€Å"Animism† proposed by Edward burnett Tylor and Herbert Spencer, â€Å"Fetishism† by the very fomous biologyst John Lubbock and the theory of â€Å"naturalism†. Naturalism is also known as the â€Å"materialism†. This is a philosophical model which says that explanation of everything can be given through natural causes. As per this theory, physical matter is the only reality and it excludes the super natural agents or activities. The philosophers agree that God is the cause for universal moral conduct The early Stone Age Human lived in extended families called tribes. Their main activity was hunting to gather food and also fight with the fellow strange human to protect their food and family. There was no difference between the human and

Differences Between Virtual and Real Worlds

Differences Between Virtual and Real Worlds The nearer the virtual world comes to replicating the real world the more we will have to question what, if any, the difference continues to be. Discuss. Introduction The concept of the virtual has been around for much longer than the technology which now makes the virtual part of our lives. In various forms, such as that put forward by Descartes, the concept of the virtual has long permeated the thoughts of scholars. However, it is only in very recent times that the concept of the virtual has really taken flight. For now, with emerging technologies and a world which is more unstable than ever, the world of the virtual has grown rapidly. Now, the virtual is getting closer and closer to reality, and soon we may not be able to distinguish these worlds from each other. Whilst it is clear that right now we have some idea of the difference between the real world and the virtual world, the differences between the two are much less than before. Traditionally, the difference between the virtual and the real worlds was the concept of identity or body – that in the virtual world your mind was separated from your body and therefore the difference between the virtual and the real was the physical form. However, this view is slowly being eroded away and there are many who now believe the virtual cannot be separated from the real in terms of body or physicality. This is a view that the researcher shares, and this concept shall be one of the main points of focus in the essay. Another area which could measure the distinction between the virtual and the real is the concept of risk. Risk is still one of the few concepts which seems to differ in the virtual and the real worlds, at least in a number of cases. Although this difference is being reduced, currently it seems possible to distinguish the virtual and real worlds using the concept of risk. The first part of this essay will look at the way in which the virtual has superseded many aspects of the real world in our lives, and how these areas can no longer be easily distinguished. These normal, everyday events are now both real and virtual simultaneously, and there is no discernible distinction. The second part of the essay will deal with the concept of physicality in the virtual world, and how the evidence now suggests that the virtual and real worlds cannot be distinguished through the identity of the physical body. The final part of the essay will show that despite this convergence between the virtual and the real, there are some distinctions to be made. The way in which the virtual can be distinguished from the real comes down to the concept of risk, although this distinction is also being reduced and perhaps with the introduction of future technologies this distinguishing feature will also be completely eroded. Information, branding and the virtual One area of our lives that has seen a dramatic shift from the real to the virtual over the last ten years is information and branding. Information used to be stored predominantly in ‘real’ forms such as paper books. However, most information is now accessed in virtual form, through computers, radio and television and other digital media. Books and music are now accessed as digital facsimiles of the original, and our world in terms of information has shifted from real to virtual (Argyle and Shields, 1996). This process has come so far that there can be no real distinction between the real and virtual worlds of information. We see books and music in paper form in the same way we do digital e-books and mp3 music. They are perceptually very similar and contain the same information that we require. Our world has shifted from the real and local to the virtual and the global. The shift from real to virtual has also occurred in terms of branding. Brand concepts for many real objects are now so strong that we no longer think of the real object itself but in fact associate the virtual brand as the key identity. For example, vacuum cleaners being called ‘Hoovers’, tissues being called ‘Kleenex’ and digital music players being called ‘Ipods’(Shields, 2003). The brand stands as a virtual representation of the actual real objects, but is virtually indistinguishable, particularly in linguistic terms. The virtual, as Shields puts it, has moved from being something simply transformative and vague to something banal and common. The virtual has permeated or even superseded the real in some aspects of life, and the virtual is now for all intents and purposes indistinguishable from the real. Whilst it could be argued that these virtual forms differ from their real counterparts by way of physical form (i.e. the virtual item has no physical tangible form, whereas the real form does), in the cases of information and branding this distinction of physicality is too small to be clear. For example, the virtual or digital form of a book does have physical form, in that the information can be printed out or used in a physical way just like the real paper book can. This is the same for branding, where the virtual brand names are so synonymous with the real physical objects that they cannot be separated. In these cases ,the virtual has superseded the real, and completely destroyed the boundaries between them. Therefore, this is an area where there cannot be said to be any real distinction between the virtual world and the real world. Physical form, identity within the virtual world The most commonly argued distinction between the real and virtual worlds is the concept of physical form and identity. It is argued by many that in the virtual world you do not have a complete physical identity and that your mind being removed from the physical body is the distinction between the real and virtual. In other words, in the virtual world you have no real identity or physical interaction, whereas in the real world you do. Although it seems clear that the physical characteristics that identify our physical are not obviously visible in the virtual world, the physical self is not completely left behind and we do in fact experience physical manifestations within the virtual world. As pointed out by Katie Argyle and Rob Shields (1996), who point out that ‘presence’ doesn’t simply vanish in the virtual world, and that the technology simply mediates our physical presence. With technology the way it is today, and the fact it is sure to improve in the future, we can now act holistically through our bodies within the virtual world. Although it might seem that our bodies are not part of the virtual, in truth we cannot actually escape our bodies. In other words, we do not lose our body within the virtual world, but rather experience and interact in the virtual world through our bodies. Argyle points out that the emotions we feel whilst interacting in the virtual world are in fact real and are physical. She gives the example of her online presence ‘Kitty’, (Argyle and Shields, 1996, in Kolko, p66) where she says that the interactions she has with people, although in a virtual world the emotions and feeling are real and felt in her body. Argyle’s online interaction shows no separation from the body, and therefore is a suggestion that the physical body cannot be used as a distinguishing feature between real and virtual. This view is supported by Ellen Ullman, who says how she fell in love via email. She only knew this person via the virtual world of email, and not through physical interaction, yet the virtual world elicited real and physical feelings within her. Ullman does differentiate her online body from her ‘real’ one by saying that the love she felt was through her ‘virtual’ body, but she does not separate these two bodies, and the physical form is still linked to the online body or persona (Ullman, 1996) It seems that when interacting online, it is extremely difficult or nearly impossible to completely separate your online persona from your real and physical persona. For instance, in online games where people can send messages to each other within character, they may also ask about the person in ‘real life’, such as how old they are and where they have come from. People often get confused about which ‘life’ the other person is talking about, and so acronyms have been created to stop the confusion such as IC (in character) and IRL (in real life). This confusion is down to the fact that there will always be a part of our persona within the virtual that cannot be separated, and therefore the body cannot be a distinguishing feature between the virtual and the real. Not only does the physical form remain within the virtual world by virtue of its interaction and emotions experienced in the virtual, but many of the laws and rights that govern the real are now also governing the virtual. Even if you want to make a distinction between the virtual body, such as an avatar or image, and the real physical body, many of the outcomes are the same. The laws and rights of the virtual are now mirroring the real, and blurring the lines further between the two worlds. For instance, take the rights of avatars in the virtual world. Whilst avatars cannot have the same basic right as real bodies, namely the right to life (they are not alive after all), they may feel many of the hazards and wish to have the same rights as their real counterparts. For instance, take the example of sexual harassment within the virtual world. Whilst the legal definitions for sexual assault and rape are generally not met by virtual encounters, much of the feelings of intrusion, fear or disgust can be the same. Take the example of Julien Dibbell’s account of Mr Bungle’s rape on the characters Legba and Starsinger in LambdaMOO (Dibbell, 1996). The ‘rape’ was virtual and involved an avatar seizing two other female avatars and graphically describing the actions performed. Whilst this may not constitute ‘real’ rape, the trauma for the two controllers of the female avatars was indeed real. This is because the body cannot be separated compl etely when in the virtual world, and even if the exact actions are not the same it cannot really be said that physicality is a distinguishing factor between the real and the virtual as the body affected similarly in both worlds. The lack of risk within the virtual world Whilst the traditionally held view of being able to distinguish the real and the virtual by the separation of the mind and the body has been shown to be flawed, there is definite promise in the concept of risk as a distinguishing feature. The reasons for this are that risk is something which can only truly be experienced through the physical without the mediating virtual world. Of course, certain risks such as financial risk and emotional risk are possible in the virtual world as these risks will have similar, if slightly dulled, consequences in the virtual world. However, the notion of risk to the physical body or fear is a feature that separates the virtual and the real. For instance, creating virtual business that has real financial consequences may seem to have the same features as real business, but there are differences. Using the virtual world all products can be tested, mapped and made 100% safe before they are sold on. Experiments can be conducted without the potential risks to human life or to property. The concept of risk is in many ways eliminated from the design process, aside from some of the same financial concerns of design costs. Identities and properties can be re-used, re-hashed or completely changed in the virtual world, meaning there is less risk of catastrophic failure. However, perhaps the biggest issue in terms of risk is the fact that fear of physical harm is almost completely removed in the virtual world. Emotions are still prevalent and part of our physicality remains in the virtual. However, the risks associated with physical damage or damage to property cannot be properly appreciated within the virtual world. There are no risks in this sense in the virtual world, whereas there are in the real world. For instance, take the example of realistic computer games such as Forza Motorsport (Lockergnome, 2005). Developed as one of the most advanced driving games for console play, an experiment was conducted to see the difference in performance and reactions between the virtual and real worlds. Six performance cars were driven round the same Atlanta circuit by drivers on the game and on the real life circuit. The results were startling in that the performances between virtual and real worlds were extremely similar. The braking and turning points were extremely similar and the performances in each car were almost the same whether in virtual or real world (Lockergnome, 2005). However, the times in the real world were slower than on the game – much of this attributed to the risk involved in driving the car in the real world. In the game, the drivers could push their cars to the limit in the knowledge that if they crashed there would be no damage to the car. This removed the risk facto r and allowed them to get better times. However, on the real track they had to be more careful, for crashing at 150mph in a high-powered car would be far too risky. This slowed them down, and showed despite all other factors being seemingly indistinguishable, the major difference between the real and the virtual was the risk factor. It can also be seen in the prevalence of online dating and sexual play from people who would not normally engage in such activities in the real world. In the rapidly growing virtual world called Second Life (Linden Research Inc, 2007), there are many groups of various role-players who act out fantasies that they would not do in real life. This is not because it is impossible for them to do in real life (although perhaps some are), but because of the risk factors involved in real life. The feelings they receive from these interactions may be almost identical to the ones they would get in real life interaction, but the crucial difference is risk. Whilst for some interactions this will not affect the sensation, it does for others, such as those involved in fantasies of pain or domination. The risk factor is the one which can distinguish the virtual from the real world. Conclusion Whilst we are still living in a world where the real and the virtual seem in most cases to be separate, this is perhaps less true than we think. The real world of information has become indistinguishable from the virtual, and with new technologies the virtual world has become far more expansive and convincing. This change has meant that it is now impossible to separate all of our real physical identity from the virtual representation of ourselves in the virtual world. However, one factor that still lets us distinguish the virtual from the real is the concept of risk, which is not yet fully realised within the virtual world. However, if in future the technology of the virtual increases to the point where physical sensations can be experienced fully in the virtual world, then physical risk to the body and other items of value will be possible. If risk can be fully replicated in the virtual world, then it seems the two worlds would be very close to being completely indistinguishable. Bibliography Argyle, K., and Shields, R. (1996) Is there a body in the net?, Living Bodies Chapter 4, SAGE publications Ltd, London. Dibbell, J. (1996) ( My Dinner With Catharine MacKinnon and Other Hazards of Theorizing Virtual Rape, available online at http://www.juliandibbell.com/texts/mydinner.html Kolko, B.E. We Are Not Just (Electronic) Words: Learning the Literacies of Culture, Body, and Politics. http://bethkolko.com/includes/pdfs/wearenotjustelectronicwords.pdf Là ©vy, P. (2002) Cyberculture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Shapiro, M.A., and McDonald, D.G. (1992) Im Not a Real Doctor, but I Play One in Virtual Reality: Implications of Virtual Reality for Judgments about Reality Journal of Communication 42 (4), 94–114. Shields, R. (2003) The Virtual, Cultures of internet, Virtual Spaces, Real Histories Chapter 2, Routledge, London. Ullman, E. (1996) Come in, CQ: The Body on the Wire. Wired-Women: Gender and  New Realities in Cyberspace. Ed. Lynn Cherny and Elizabeth Reba Wiese. Seattle: Seal,  1996. 3-23.  

Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable :: essays research papers

Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable Abstract Attenuation refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. Attenuation occurs with digital or analog signals. Attenuation is the end result of signals being transmitted extended distances. Attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs). The cable type will determine at what point along the length of the cable signal degradation occurs. Repeaters can be inserted along the length of the cable to boost the signal strength which increases the maximum attainable range of data transmitted though the cable. Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable The majority of attenuation in Coax cable comes from resistive losses in the cable's metallic conductors. Temperature also has effects the resistivity of the conducting surface. Resistivity is a "bulk property of material describing how well that material inhibits current flow. This is slightly different from resistance, which is not a physical property. If one considers current flowing through a unit cube of material (say, a solid metal cube that measures 1 meter on each side), resistivity is defined as the voltage measured across the unit cube length (V/m) divided by the current flowing through the unit cube's cross sectional area (I/m2). This results in units of Ohm m2/m or Ohm-m." [University of British Columbia Geophysical Inversion Facility] Temperature affects the movement of electrons in the material. When a signal voltage is passed through a wire the electrons collides with the atoms in the material. If more atoms are allowed collide with electrons, the greater the frictional resistance, which affects the cable ability to conduct (allow data to pass through the cable). Temperature causes the atoms with in the material to move. Increasing the temperature causes the atoms to â€Å"jiggle† which causes frequent collations with electrons. The opposite is true when the temperature is lowered. Attenuation is a function of the frequency of the signal, and the length and physical structure of the cable itself. Specifically, it depends on: †¢ The diameter of the inner conductor: as the diameter of the conductor increases, attenuation decreases. †¢ The composition of the outer conductor: the more effective the screening action, the lower the attenuation. †¢ The nature of the dielectric: the lower its constant dielectric, the lower the attenuation. Therefore, an expanded dielectric supplies, at any given diameter, values of attenuation lower than a solid dielectric. Since the type of cable, the temperature, and the rate at which data is being passed through the cables are constant, the length of the cable is the only factor that affects the attenuation in the two cables.

Determinants of the Economic Development in Nepal Essay

Topic: Determinants of the economic development in Nepal Economics Definition A social science that studies, how individuals, governments, firms and nations make choices on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. Economics can generally be broken down into: macroeconomics, which concentrates on the behavior of the aggregate economy; and microeconomics, which focuses on individual consumers. Developing countries / Lower developing countries A developing country, also called a lower-developed country (LDC) is a nation with a low living standard, undeveloped industrial base, and low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries Countries with more advanced economies than other developing nations, but without the signs of a developed country, are categorized under the term newly industrialized countries Introduction to Nepal COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Nepal is a developing country with extensive tourist facilities, which vary widely in quality and price. The capital is Kathmandu. Nepal ended a ten-year Maoist insurgency in November 2006 and established an interim government in January 2007. Since that time, the major political parties have been unable to come to an agreement on a new constitution. This stalemate has created an environment of political uncertainty, however a caretaker government is in place and the major political parties continue to negotiate to resolve this constitutional crisis. Read the Department of State Fact Sheet on Nepal for additional information. Nepal, home to Mount Everest, is dominated by the world’s most imposing mountains. Although the country is relatively small (147,181 square kilometers), 80 percent of its territory is occupied by the dramatic peaks of the Himalayas. Nepal was closed to foreign visitors until 1951, a situation which contributed greatly to its mystique in the west. This small, hospitable country has since become an exceptionally popular destination for travelers, whether they are in search of climbing challenges or spiritual enlightenment. Geographical regions Nepal can be divided into three geographical regions, each stretching from east to west across the country. The southernmost strip of land, the Terai, is bordered to the north by Himalayan foothills and to the south by the Ganges River. The area was originally covered with tropical vegetation, but has been almost completely converted to agricultural production. The Terai is now the breadbasket of Nepal and is covered with farms. Nepal’s 18 million inhabitants belong to dozens of different ethnic groups. They can be divided roughly into Hindu peoples (who live mainly in the lowlands) and Buddhists, who live in mountain villages close to Tibet. Hindus, who make up 90 percent of the population, dominate political and religious life. But Buddhism has a special connection to Nepal: Siddhartha Gautama, who was later revered as the Buddha, was born in the Terai in 543 BC. Perhaps the most well-known Buddhist ethnic group are the Sherpa, who have long been associated with Himalayan mo untaineering expeditions. The vast majority of Nepal’s population makes a living from subsistence agriculture. Religion in Nepal Hinduism is practiced by about 81% of Nepalis, making it the country with the highest percentage of Hindu followers; Buddhism is linked historically with Nepal and is practiced by 9%, Islam by 4.4%, Kirat 3%, Christianity 1.4%, and animism 0.4% Historical Background The formal announcement of the establishment of the National Archives of Nepal was made in the year 1959, and after construction of the present building it officially opened its doors in 1967 under the then Ministry of Education and Culture. Its predecessor had been set up with the objective of managing and preserving the manuscripts and historical documents of Bir (or Durbar) Library, (a collection dating from 1900 belonging to the royal family) and furthering research and publication endeavors. Thus the former Durbar Library was renamed as the National Archives of Nepal. The National Archives of Nepal is prominently located within the premises of Singh Durbar (the central secretariat of the Government of Nepal) on Ramshah Path in Kathmandu. Functions †¢ To collect and preserve the nation’s wealth of archives for present and  future generations, †¢ To receive documents of record, or official copies of such, from government bodies and government-related agencies, †¢ To provide access facilities to researchers so that they may consult archival documents and to make available, upon request, duplicate copies of such material, †¢ To advise government bodies and government-related agencies on the safe-keeping of their records, †¢ To function as a public records management office for the Government of Nepal. Institutional Framework Since Nepal became a federal democratic republic in 2008, the National Archives has been under the Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Federal Affairs, Constituent Assembly, parliamentary affairs and Culture. Working Day & Hours The National Archives of Nepal is open from 10.00 AM to 4.00 PM from Sunday to Thursday (November to January), 10.00 AM to 5.00 PM from Sunday to Thursday (February to October) and 10.00 AM to 3.00 PM on Friday (all year round). Tourism in Nepal In 2008, 55.9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18.2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for 27.5%, 7.6% were from North America, 3.2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2.6% from Eastern Europe, 1.5% from Central and South America, 0.3% from Africa and 1.4% from other countries. Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 days As of 2010, 602,855 tourists visited Nepal Association with International Organizations Nepal is a member of two international organizations that are active in the fields of archival management and preservation. These include the International Council on Archives (ICA) and the South and West Asian Regional Branch of International Council on Archives (SWARBICA). Determinants of the Lower developing countries (NEPAL) * Capital Formation * Natural Resources * Social factors * Political * Unemployment * Education * Crime * Poverty * Authoritarianism * Violence * GIRL TRAFFICKING * ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Analysis on five major determinants Capital formation (annual % growth) in Nepal The Gross capital formation (annual % growth) in Nepal was last reported at -8.66 in 2011, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Annual growth rate of gross capital formation is based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2000 U.S. dollars. Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and work in progress. According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. This page includes a historical data chart, news and forecasts for Gross capital formation (annual % growth) in Nepal. Capital formation in Nepal is hugely depending upon the tourism. As Nepal is the house of Mountain Everest. But only from the tourism, Nepal cannot accumulate, the require capital for their country. People do not have the ability for the high volume of saving, due to low level of income/ wages. There are no financial institutes in Nepal to improve the financial position of the family. Due to the low level of saving and less capital formation ways Nepal is unable to be a developed country. Some capital formation ways in Nepal * The Nepal government has allowed Indian infrastructure major GMR to increase the authorized capital in its hydro power projects in Nepal to Rs 190 core while also extending its survey license by six months. * SMART TRAVELER ENROLLMENT PROGRAM (STEP)/EMBASSY LOCATION * Tourism if the one of the biggest way to increase capital in Nepal. * The biggest natural museum in the world in Nepal creates the revenue. Technology Nepal has been a late starter in modem science and technology. In pursuance of self- reliance, it developed technological capabilities in some specific areas such as agriculture, civil engineering, architecture, metallurgy, water management, medicine, textile and paper manufacture, dyeing and food technology. Its segregation for over a century, coinciding with the Industrial Revolution in the West and colonial spread in India, deprived the country from the advances in Technology elsewhere. After the beginning of democracy in 1950, the country embarked on the path of modernization. An initiation in Technology activities took place, along with the inception of a development plan, in 1956. The Technology sector received its due importance in development plan in the Sixth Plan (1980-85). Nepal’s new constitution, primal gated in 1990, has emphasized the importance of Technology clearly by including a Directive Principle to promote its advancement. Major Technology organizations, including a science academy, the Ministry for Science and Technology, and several research centers and institutions for higher education in science have evolved during last five decades. However, with the low ratio of S&T manpower (0.4 per 1, 000 population) and low R&D expenditure (0.35 per cent of GNP), Nepal faces terrifying challenges seeking political commitments with long-term vision and recognition of S&T as the strategic variable for overall national development. Technology backwardness lays a huge space in Nepal. People of Nepal still have the backwardness in their mind. As analyzing the technological progress in Nepal, we have come to know that there is neither invention nor innovation in Nepal, no improvement in the ways of communication levels. Very few people of Nepal know about the internet. Scientific research is almost zero in Nepal. Ass studying the economics, progress of the country depends upon the productivity and efficiency of the people but in Nepal there is a strong backwardness in the mind of the people. NATURAL RESOURCES IN NEPAL: Nepal is a small country but it is rich in Natural Resources. These natural resources are the gifts of the nature. Some of the important natural resources of Nepal are: Forest, Water, Soil or Land. FOREST Forest is one of the important natural resources. Different types of forests are found in different regions of Nepal. It occupies about 37% of the total land of Nepal. Forest is the source of all wood-based industries. Industries like paper, furniture and timber are based on the forest. Forests are rich in herbs. The herbs have medicinal values. Many medicines are made from these herbs. Timber and herbs are valuable natural resources. The value of timber and herbs is very high in the world market. There are many kinds of animals in the forests of Nepal. Forests provide food and shelter for these animals. Animals and birds add to the natural beauty of the country. People from many countries come to Nepal to see these beautiful birds and exotic wildlife. Many types of fruit and grasses grow in forests. People depend on them for their living and also to rear their livestock. WATER Water is the most important natural resource of Nepal. Nepal is rich in water resource. Nature has been very kind to us by providing us with unlimited supply of water. Nepal is the second richest in the water resources in the world after Brazil. Nepal is a landlocked country. So Nepal does not have access to the sea or oceans. But there are lots of rivers that flow from the Himalayas. When snow melts in the Himalayas, the glacier and rivers are formed. The rivers flow through the mountain regions to the Terai. The main rivers of Nepal are Mechi, Koshi, Narayani, Gandaki, Karnali and Mahakali. These rivers have several tributaries. In addition to these Kankai, Bagmati, Trishuli, Marshyangi, Seti, Rapti, Bheri and also important rivers of Nepal. The major hydro-electricity projects are: * Kaligandaki: 144MW * Marsyangdi: 75MW * Kulekhani I: 60MW * Bhote Koshi: 36MW * Khimti: 60MW * Kulekhani: 32MW LAND/SOIL Land is the other natural resource of Nepal. In Nepal most people depend on land. They do farming and earn their living from land. Land includes soil and minerals. The cultivable land in Nepal is about 17%. About 38% of the land is rocky and covered with snow. Soil is an important factor for agriculture. It is not possible for people and animals to live on earth without soil. The land in Terai is very fertile. It is good for agriculture. So, the productivity of Terai is very high. The terai region is the storehouse of food grains. It is called the green belt of Nepal. There are many hills and mountains in Nepal. The surface is rugged and sloppy in the hills. When rainfall is heavy the top soil of the hills is washed away. Then it causes landslides. So, the trees should be planted and conserved to protect soil in the hills. Plants are the only means to hold the soil tightly and to stop erosion. MINERALS Minerals like slate, stone, rock, coal, iron, copper, limestone, magnesite, mica and natural gas are natural resources. The marbles are made of rocks. Limestones are used in cement industries. Hetauda and Udaypur cement factories are the examples of such industries. Nepal is quite rich in mineral resources. Mineral deposits such as gold, mica, limestone, iron ore, copper are found in different parts of Nepal. Because of financial constraint and lack of technical and skilled manpower, progress in the field of mining is negligible. If we utilize the mineral  resources of Nepal properly, we can earn foreign currencies and people will get job opportunities also. The areas where minerals are found are as follows: 1. Copper: Buddha Khola (Bandipur), Gyari (Gorkha), Arghauli (Chisapani), Taplejung, Ilam, Baitadi, etc. 2. Iron: Ramechhap, Labdhi Khola, Pyuthan, Bhainse, Kulekhani, Bhutkhola, Phulchoki, Ghatkhola, etc. 3. Mica: Bhojpur, Chainpur, Lamjung, Dhankuta, Nuwakot, Sindhuligadhi, etc. 4. Limestone: Chovar (Kathmandu), Baise (Makawanpur), Udayapur. The biggest natural museum in the world Nepal covers a span of 147,181 sq. kilometers ranging from altitude of 70 meters to 8,848 meters. Mountains, mid hills, valleys and plains dominate the geography of landlocked Nepal that extends from the Himalayan range in the north to the Indo-Gangetic lowlands in south. Mt. Everest, the highest point of the Himalayas is in Nepal. Poverty Nepal has a high poverty rate. Large numbers of Nepalis lack health and sanitation facilities and are too thin and illiterate. Many people either have jobs that do not pay enough to survive or are unemployed. Death rates are high among children and people often cannot find sufficient housing. The country as a whole is struggling to develop economically. This means that the country needs appropriate and sustainable productive activities or more industry to provide jobs for the people. Unemployment As studying the Nepal we have came to know that the unemployment rate in Nepal is 46%. Cases of suicides and homicides associated with poverty have increased by 31% in Nepal according to a police report linked to the dramatic political and economic crisis experienced by the country last year. With an unemployment rate of 46% and an average income per capita of 1,300 U.S. dollars per year, Nepal is one of the poorest states in the world. According to World Bank data, about 55% of the population lives below the poverty line. Nowadays, this problem is a burning challenge in Nepal. Many people are unemployed in Nepal. The number of them is rapidly increasing. Therefore, it is a serious problem in Nepal. There are many causes of unemployment in Nepal. Nepal is an agro-based country. Firstly many people  are employed in agriculture, but now days it is a trend of leaving agriculture is increasing. People feel that agriculture is not economically beneficial. They go to towns to look for good job but they can’t get any job easily and become unemployed. Secondly, some educated people are extremely traditional. They think that educated people should not start simple job they stay at home being jobless. Thirdly, most of the students in Nepal are getting general education. They do not have apt knowledge and skill of technical and practical education. Fourthly, the job opportunity in Nepal is very limited. So the problems of unemployment produced criminal activities in Nepal. Education Modern education in Nepal began with the establishment of the first school in 1853; this school was only for the members of the ruling families and their courtiers. Schooling for the general people began only after 1951 when a popular movement ended the autocratic Rana family regime and initiated a democratic system. In the past 50 years, there has been a dramatic expansion of education facilities in the country. As a result, adult literacy (age 15+) of the country was reported to be 48.2% (female: 34.6%, male: 62.2%) in the Population Census, 2001, up from about 5% in 1952–54. Beginning from about 300 schools and two colleges with about 10,000 students in 1951, there now are 49,000 schools (including higher secondary), 415 colleges, five universities, and two academies of higher studies. Altogether 7.2 million students are enrolled in those schools and colleges who are served by more than 222,000 teachers. Education management, quality, relevance, and access are some of the critical issues of education in Nepal. Societal disparities based on gender, ethnicity, location, economic class, etc. are yet to be eliminated. Resource crunch has always been a problem in education. These problems have made the goal of education for all a challenge for the country. Education is the way that can change the backwardness in the mind of Nepalis. Education can take them to the glory of success and they will realize the things they have in their country. They are not using the resources they have in their country like natural museum, water resources, mountain resources, etc Conclusion & Suggestions Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopment–including terrain, lack of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of policies conducive to development. The Nepalese rupee was linked to the Indian rupee. Since the late 1960s, the universal currency has been Nepalese, although as of 1991 Indian currency still was used as convertible currency. During the trade and transit dispute of 1989, however, Kathmandu made convertibility of the Indian rupee more difficult. Nepal suffered from an underdeveloped infrastructure. This problem was exacerbated by a weak public investment program and ineffective administrative services. Economic development plans sought to improve the infrastructure but were implemented at the expense of investment in direct production and resulted in a slow growth rate. Deforestation caused erosion and complicated cultivation, affecting the future productivity of agricultural lands. Although several laws to counter degradation had been enacted, the results were modest, and government plans for afforestation had not met their targets. The government also established the Timber Corporation of Nepal, the Fuelwood Corporation, and the Forest Products Development Board to harvest the forests in such a way that their degradation would be retarded. In 1988-89 the Fuelwood Corporation merged with the Timber Corporation of Nepal, but forest management through these and other government agencies had made very little progress. In FY 1989, more than 28,000 hectares were targeted for afforestation, but only approximately 23,000 hectares were afforested that year. Industry accounted for less than 20 percent of total GDP in the 1980s. Relatively small by international standards, most of the industries established in the 1950s and 1960s were developed with government protection. Traditional cottage industries, including basket-weaving as well as cotton fabric and edible oil production, comprised approximately 60 percent of industrial output; there also were efforts to develop cottage  industries to produce furniture, soap, and textiles. The remainder of industrial output came from modern industries, such as jute mills, cigarette factories, and cement plants. The most important mineral resources exploited were limestone for cement, clay, garnet, magnetite, and talc. Crude magnetite production declined from a high of approximately 63,200 tons in 1986 to approximately 28,000 tons in 1989; it was projected to decline further to 25,000 tons in 1990. Tourism was a major source of foreign exchange earnings. Especially since Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) was first climbed by Sir Edmund Hillary and Tensing Sherpa in 1953, the Himalayas have attracted foreigners to Nepal. Mountaineering and hiking were of considerable interest as were rafting, canoeing, and hang gliding. Tourism was facilitated with the opening of airways to Kathmandu and other parts of the country and the easing of travel restrictions. Remittances by the Nepalese workforce employed overseas will remain an important source of income and economic growth. Nepal must strengthen the employability of its workers in better paying jobs outside the country. The World Bank is helping Nepal tackle the main growth constraints through a mix of analytical work, technical assistance, and lending. Nepal has benefited from the special trade and employment agreements with India. To increase productivity and derive the maximum benefit from international trade with both India and other countries, Nepal needs to: * Improve trade logistics, customs and tax procedures * Remove the anti-export favoritism * Undertake measures to increase competitiveness of Nepali products and make the country an attractive investment destination * If Nepal continues being prudent with fiscal management and focuses on investments into infrastructure and creating a political environment that is supportive for businesses, the country can achieve significant growth in the upcoming years.

Education System essays

Education System essays Describe the dumbing down of the nations educational system. Our nation views all situations as a competition and, in some cases, goes to extremely deceitful lengths to protect the possibility of failure. All tasks assigned to Americans are assumed to be easy and conducted with concurring enthusiasm; however, when it becomes arduous, frustration overcomes us and we look for the first available quick-fix. Now that the task was completed-with the minimal amount of effort-we sit back and relax, because we are at ease with our accomplishment, and our result becomes the standard. This course of action appears prevalent in all American endeavors, especially in our national education system. Americas educational system began like all of the other American endeavors, assumed to be easy, and conducted with simple enthusiasm. Formal education in America did not really begin until the end of The Great Depression (1939) and was a direct result of the New Deal legislation of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945). Early educators of the system followed the principles of strict classroom discipline and high performance standards, which had a direct reflection on the youth of that early generation. Early students were well mannered and able to contribute a lot to the nation when they entered the workforce. Nevertheless, as the times changed-technologically and socially-the standards and results started to fall, causing much frustration among the system facilitators. In turn, the facilitators looked for that quick fix and they found it in the souls of the American citizens. Their fix was not a fix at all; instead, an illusion masking the failure of the system. By finding the quick fix for dilemmas, Americans find a shield to protect us from the fear of failure. Deciding to lower the standard and expectations of the systems performance was their ...

Audit in Podiary medicine Essays

Audit in Podiary medicine Essays Audit in Podiary medicine Paper Audit in Podiary medicine Paper Audit in Podiatry Medicine Auditing plays a very crucial role in organizations and not just in podiatry medicine. It is usually divided into two, where we have both internal and external audit. The role of internal audit is to â€Å"provide independent assurance that an organization’s risk management, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively† (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). Internal auditors deal with issues that are pivotal to the survival and success of the organization. They look at such things as the organizations standing in society, the way the organization treats its employees, growth and development, and the organization’s impact on the environment. External auditors however, look at such issues like financial risks and statements of the organization (Institute of Internal Auditors, 2010). National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2008) describes Clinical audit as a â€Å"process of improving quality that tries to find a way to improve patient care and outcomes through systematic review of care against overt criteria and the implementation of change†. To do this, aspects of the structure, processes and outcomes of care given are selected and systematically evaluated against a clear-cut criteria. Where indicated, changes are implemented at an individual, team or service level. When conducting a clinical audit, some key notes need to be observed. These are: Firstly, clinical audit projects are best conducted within a structured program. They should have effective leadership and emphasis on team work and support and participation by all staff. Organizations should also know the fact that this kind of exercise requires enough funding. Another thing that organizations need to recognize is that improvements in care resulting in clinical audits can increase costs. The barrier that is cited as the most common in clinical audits is the failure by the organizations to provide enough protected time for the healthcare teams. Organizations should make sure that their healthcare staffs learn the skills of clinical audit, and that those involved in organizing audit programs must consider various methods of making sure that health service staff provide their full participation. Nice says that another key note is that clinical audit is used to improve aspects of care and is used to confirm that the current medical practice being offered meets the expected level of performance. Participation of staff is important especially in selecting topics because this enables concerns about care to be reported and addressed. This is not always necessary, but it may play a big role in reducing resistance to change. Lastly, since what is important to the patients that are receiving care are significantly different from those of clinicians, service users should therefore be involved in the clinical audit process (2008). According to the Board of Podiatric Medicine (2010), one of the roles that audit plays in podiatry medicine is the role of ensuring that doctors of podiatric medicine (DPMs) show continued capability in their work. According to section 2496 of the State Medical Practice Act, requirements for continued competence are specified and it authorizes the Board of Podiatric Medicine to adopt regulations to ensure the â€Å"continuing skill of persons licensed to practice podiatric medicine†. Every time a renewal is done, a DPM must officially state that he agrees with one of the following under punishment of false swearing, subject to audit: that the DPM, is required to have passed an exam administered by the board within the past ten years. He is to have passed an exam administered by an approved specialty board within the past ten years, to have completed an approved residency within the past ten years. He is also  required to have current, suitable or competent status with an approved specialty board. He is to have passed Part 111 exam administered by the National Boards within the past ten years, be recertified by an approved specialty board, and have completed an extended course of study approved by the board within the past five years. He should have granting/renewing healthcare facility privileges within the past five years. Audit is also important in podiatry medicine, because it helps keep doctors accountable to their patients. Though this is not common practice as such, there is one surgeon, Ernest Amory Codman MD (1869-1940) who employed this rule in his profession. Despite the fact that he was one of the best doctors of his time, even he made mistakes. The only difference between him and his counterparts was that instead of hiding his mistakes, he publicized them and chose instead to learn from them. It is said that he â€Å"recorded diagnostic and treatment errors and linked these errors to outcome in order to make improvements† (Neuhauser, 2002). He resigned from Massachusetts General Hospital where he was a staff and started his own private clinic called the â€Å"End Result Hospital†. The difference between Codman’s hospital and the average healthcare organization is that he admitted his errors in Print and in public. He published this report so that patients would be the ones to decide whether they would be able to receive quality care from him, and the outcome of the care provided. He sent copies of these reports to major hospitals throughout the country, challenging them also to follow his prints, but this did not happen. They would say that they were not allowed to do so by their lawyers. Another role that audit plays in this field of podiatry medicine is to improve the practice of the doctors. The General Medical Council advises that it is mandatory for all doctors to take part in regular and systematic medical and clinical audit. They are advised also that when doing this, they should record their data honestly, so that they are able to get the proper results and be able to improve their practice, by for example, taking part in further training. The UK Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, says that every registered practitioner is responsible for assisting the coordination of quality improvement initiatives such as clinical audits. Clinical audit is indeed an important exercise to carry out in one’s organization. According to the Royal Society of Psychiatrists (2009), the main reason that audits are done is to improve the service offered to users. They say that without some form of clinical audit, it is not easy for one to know whether they are doing the right thing or even practicing effectively. If you are not sure about this yourself, then it also becomes a difficult task to demonstrate to others that you are practicing effectively. Some of the benefits of clinical audit are audit helps to ensure that working relationships, communication and liaison between staff, staff and service users (the people who receive service from medical practitioners), and between agencies are improved.   It identifies and promotes good practice, and it may result to the improvement of service delivery and outcomes for users. Another benefit of doing clinical audits is that when performed, one is able to provide informat ion to show your users that your service is effective and pocket friendly, thus, ensure its development.   Audits provide opportunities for education and training. They help increase efficiency by ensuring that there is better use of the resources that are available. They also help in improving working relationships, communication among staff members, staff and service users and between agencies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Audit is an avenue that medical professionals can use to retain the trust and respect of their patients especially in an era where the patients are becoming increasingly critical. This is one of the ways that they can establish and maintain confidence in the quality of clinical care that is being accorded to them. It is a quality improvement tool, and through it, one may be able to tell whether efforts are being made by medical professionals to give their patients high quality professional care. It is increasingly becoming an essential component of professional practice (Nice, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When done in the right way, audit has provided a way in which the quality of care that is given to patients by medical professionals can be assessed and reviewed objectively, within an approach that is supportive and developmental. All areas of professional practice have been subjected to questions and challenges due to changes in society. Clinical audit therefore provides medical practitioners with a way of responding that compares the care given to the best practice while keeping the central role of the clinical team in agreeing and implementing plans for change. Clinical governance provides a new challenge – â€Å"to take audit at its best and incorporate it within organization’s wide approaches to quality†. References Institute of Internal Auditors. (2010). What is an internal audit? Website, (online) Site: iia.org.uk/en/about_us/What_is_internal_audit.cfm Accessed 06/05/2010 NICE. (2008). Principles for Best Practice in Clinical Audit. Report (online). Site: nice.org.uk/media/796/23/BestPracticeClinicalAudit.pdf Accessed 12/4/2010 Royal Society of Psychiatrists. (2009). Clinical audit: what it is and what it isn’t. What is a Clinical Audit? Report (online).Site: rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/clinauditChap1.pdf Accessed 06/05/2010 Surrey and Sussex NHS Trust. (2006). Audit Committee, Terms of Reference: Report (online) Site: surreyandsussex.nhs.uk/about_us/documents/tors/tor-auditcommittee.pdf Accessed 06/05/2010 Neuhauser, D. (2002). Heroes and martyrs of quality and safety: Ernest Amory Codman. Quality Safety Health Care, 11, 104-105 (online). Site: http://qshc.bmj.com/content/11/1/104.full Accessed 06/05/2010 Sackett, DL., Rosenberg, WMC., Gray, JAM., Richardson, WS. (1996). Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312 ,71-72 (online). Site: http://ebnp.co.uk/What%20is%20EBP.htm Accessed 06/05/2010

Premise Ato Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Premise Ato - Essay Example Debate also suggests that washing hands by health care providers might not be the primary way to prevent the spread of disease however, due to the results that do show that these prevent the speared of disease, the U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued through recommendations promoting hand washing by health care providers (Lucking, Maffei, Tamburro & Thomas, 2012). Having highlighted how important it is to wash hands, the adherence to hand washing guidelines by healthcare providers and especially by physicians is notoriously poor (Lucking, Maffei, Tamburro & Thomas, 2012). For this research paper, evidence from Chengdu, China is looked at, where 6 hospitals were observed for hand washing adherence. Doctors and nurses were asked about their hand washing practice and observations are recorded. Surprisingly out of 1535 activities where hand hygiene is considered necessary, only about 17.8% of the times the healthcare providers complied with hand washing safety standards (Han, Dou, Zhang & Zhou, 2011). These results don’t reflect the situation in the US however this is an eye opener as to what can be expected in case there is no scrutiny regarding hygiene. Speaking of overall situation of hand hygiene, in practice it is only observed half of the times it is required for patient care (Carayon, 2011). And interestingly, healthcare providers have their reasons for not completely adhering to hygiene practices; less number of sinks, soap causing irritation or dryness, less number of paper towels and soap, wastage of time as they are too busy with patients, they even complain about faucets and sinks being located at odd places (Carayon, 2011). This complaint from nurses of not having enough time to pay attention to their hand hygiene is also endorsed by Lautenbach, Woeltje & Malani (2010), where they showed that lack of hand hygiene in hospitals was the major cause of transmitting pathogens. Poor

For the English Major Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For the English Major - Essay Example Writer has shown a clear picture of slavery before 150 years by demonstrating the crazy process through which he has to go for learning to read & write. In this paragraph, he shows how his intense negative feeling about the slavery became his motivation for learning to read & write. Initially, the writer shows how reading has brought discomfort in his life because he started understanding his own situation and pointed his situation with negative words like wretched condition, beast, reptile, etc. The writer has successfully expressed his intensive hatred about the issue by using words of increasing power like abhor, detest, loathe, torment which have higher impact on the reader’s thinking about the issue. Reader completely enjoys the essay because of the live demonstration of intensive situation through rhythmic sentences like â€Å"I saw nothing without seeing it, I heard nothing without hearing it, and felt nothing without feeling it. It looked from every star, it smiled in every calm, breathed in every wind, and moved in every storm.† High quality essay is offered by showing firm transformation phase with the use of non-traditional English language like â€Å"Freedom now appeared, to disappear no more forever.† At the end of the essay, the writer has suggested the â€Å"Possibilities For Writing† which is also done very innovatively considering the significance of writer’s opinion about the core issue of slavery & education along with development of independent opinion of the reader in changed social & economic

Faye Glenn Abdellah Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Faye Glenn Abdellah - Research Paper Example She completed her diploma nursing education in 1942 from Fitkin Memorial Hospital School of Nursing in New Jersey. Thereafter, Faye Glenn Abdellah received a Bachelor of Science in the year 1945. In 1947, she obtained a Masters of Arts and in 1955, she received a Doctor of Education. The two certificates were obtained from the Teachers College at Columbia University. Faye Glenn Abdellah, an earlier Chief Nurse Officer in the Public Health Service in America, she was the first female nurse to be hired as a Deputy Surgeon in U.S. Faye Glenn Abdellah has led various nursing research and has many publications connected to nursing education, care, for nursing research along with advanced nursing practice. In 2000, based on her contributions in changing nursing care, nursing theory as well as nursing education, she received international and national awards. The National Women’s Hall of Fame was one of them (Abdellah, 1994). The main reason for Faye Glenn Abdellah developing the the ory was to change the focus of nursing profession from the approach of disease-centered to the approach of patient-centered. Her theory was also developed so as to provide a classification system for patient-oriented records and patient care in the health care system. The theory of Faye Glenn Abdellah was developed to provide a foundation for organizing and determining nursing care. It was also concerned with giving a basis for classifying and availing appropriate strategies in nursing practice. The theory gives concepts of problem solving in nursing through use of 21 questions approach to solve problems related to health requirements of patients. The theory had three areas: the sociological, physical and emotional patient’s needs; the forms of interpersonal associations between the patient and the nurse; and the common components of patient care. Faye Glenn Abdellah believed that the theory would offer a way of evaluating the experiences of a patient and also give a method o f determining the competency of a nurse depending on the outcome measures. The theory comprised of the assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation phases. My definition of nursing actually fit well with the definition in the theory since both definitions emphasize on the fact that nursing is usually a widespread service that is based on science and art that shape an individual nurse’s intellectual competencies, attitudes and technical skills into the ability and desire to help sick people cope up with their health care needs. My definition and definition of nursing practice of Abdellah’s theory both emphasize that the profession focus on patient-centered instead of disease-centered approach. The approach of patient-centered is valuable in the practice of nursing as it assists in bringing out the organization and structure into an organized assortment of health care experiences. The theory classifies the problems of nursing depending on the needs of p atients and develops a framework of giving nursing goals and treatment that offers a foundation for organizing and determining nursing care. As compared with other theories with similar meanings, this theory describes nursing practice as a comprehensive service that has three key categories to individual patients, families and then to the society. For example, as compared to an ICU health nurse, model of this theory’s nursing care endows the ICU nurse with explicit guidelines on how to better deal with and manage several conditions of patients with grace and