The Consequences of Using Drugs While Pregnant Essay

Many women, including teens, abuse drugs while they are pregnant. This rate is especially high to those who are homeless, underprivileged, or live in a broken home. In order for drug abusers to even have a chance at beating their addiction they have to have support whether it’s family, friends, or boyfriend/spouse. They must also let the abuser now all the consequences to themselves and the unborn child. There are many consequences when using drugs during pregnancy such as miscarriage, health risks to baby, and health risks to the mother. And learning disabilities and brain damage to the fetus. Cassandra has this feeling that Tiffany doesn’t know how serious and devastating it is to use heroin while she is pregnant. So she decides to†¦show more content†¦Infants of regular heavy users usually have a low birth weight, because of intrauterine growth retardation and frequent premature births. (http://www.bookrags.com/research/addicted-babies-edaa-01/) Also if you are regularly abusing the drug, the infant may be born physically dependent on heroin. Children born to addicted mothers are at greater risks of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) as well. (http://www.uatests.com/drug-information/heroin.html) Tiffany looks over at Cassandra with tears running down her face and tells her, â€Å"I don’t know what to do? I want to stop but I can’t! I need to use heroin, I can’t go a few hours without it.† Cassandra hugs her and tells Tiffany, â€Å"Yes you can stop! You just need a little help and support, but you also have to know the risks you pose to yourself.† Tiffany’s doctor then asks her after her and Cassandra finished, â€Å"Do you have any other questions?† Tiffany answers, â€Å"Yes. What health risks am I posing on myself?† The doctor know that there are many health risk factors here for the mother so he starts by say, â€Å"While these risks are reason enough to avoid using the drug, pregnant women who inject heroin also expose themselves and their babies to diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and other blood-borne illnesses.Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Drug Use On Infants1572 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Use on Newborns Many women abuse drugs whether they are pregnant or not. In both cases, many women are unaware of the consequences of what drugs can do to their body. However, for pregnant women, the situation is completely different. â€Å"Studies show that using drugs -- legal or illegal -- during pregnancy has a direct impact on the fetus† (Gaither 1). In simpler terms, drug use not only affects their own lives but also affects the lives of their unborn children. For the sake of enjoymentRead MorePregnant Womens Temporary Satisfaction and Long Term Consequences1500 Words   |  6 PagesA growing issue that continues to go on today is the drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women. This has become a growing issue due to the fact that pregnancy is starting at a much younger age. Women tend to become pregnant around the age of 15 to 44 (â€Å"Birth Data†). In young women among the ages of 18 to 24, the alcohol and tobacco rates were 25.5 percent and 15.5 percent, respectively (Chen). As of 2001, about 12 percent of all pregnant women admitted to consuming alcohol during their pregnancy (Burd)Read MoreShould Abortion Be Legal?1584 Words   |  7 PagesThere should be a law that would prohibit pregnant woman from smoking tabaco products, due to the harm that the drugs have on the unborn children. Currently we do have some states with statues that touch on the subject of pregnant and smoking, but while the issue is getting bigger, we should be able to enforce more strict rules that would set a punishment on those harming the unborn children. There have been many studies made about the harm of tabaco products on human body proving that smoking slowlyRead MoreWhy Pregnant Substance Abuse Should Be Treated As A Major Issue1441 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons why pregnant substance abuse should be treated as a major issue. The effects of substance abuse on the mother, fetus, and the overall pregnancy can range from none to extremely harmful. Women who use drugs during their pregnancy commonly give birth to â€Å"crack babies† or â€Å"drug babies†. These babies can have developmental disabilities or other birth defects. The mother may give birth to a premature infant, underweight infant, or even have a stillborn birth. The drug use of a pregnant woman hasRead MoreDrug Abuse Essay1546 Words   |   7 PagesThesis: Drug abuse, also known as substance abuse, is a patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the substance in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others. Many teens turn to marijuana, prescription drugs, club drugs, alcohol, or other substances as a means of coping with stress, peer influence, and failure of parents to prevent their children from making unreasonable decisions. According to the yearly â€Å"Monitoring the Future† survey of high school age teenagersRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagestermination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. Substances such as air pollution, pesticides and mercury, as well as tobacco, alcohol and drugs are reported as having environmental and subjective teratogenic properties. Airborne particle matter small enough to penetrate human respiratory tracts are referred to as air pollutants; environmental teratogens. â€Å"The bulk of all air pollution researchRead MoreYou Walk Into A Nicu1177 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced this over the summer while I was doing my externship. Reading about this baby’s story broke my heart, but it also made me say: â€Å"what can we do to try to fix this problem.† I haven’t been sure when to start, so I was thrilled when I found out about this assignment. Even just to get my thoughts down on paper and maybe gain some direction of how to introduce this topic is a step in the right direction. First, I want to address some statistics on drug-addicted babies. ApproximatelyRead MoreHomelessness : The Homeless People Essay988 Words   |  4 Pageshomelessness are the unemployed, pregnant teens, and veterans. Homelessness affects the unemployment in several ways. Some people might become unemployed through substance abuse and housing. Substance abuse can play a significant role in a homeless in a person s life. When you are on drugs, you cannot function well on the job. You will eventually lose your job because the drugs will take over your mind and, so you may become homeless. If a homeless person fails a random drug test he or she will not getRead MoreSubstance Abuse During Pregnancy?889 Words   |  4 Pageshave devastating effects on not only the mothers using the substances, but also infants while they are in utero and after they are born. Many infants born to mothers, who are abusing drugs, suffer from life threatening illnesses and are forever affected through adulthood. Specifically, heroin is a common drug form that is often used during pregnancy and results in the life threatening effects mentioned above. When a woman uses heroin while pregnant, her baby is at risk for many challenging effectsRead MoreNot Pregnant Substance Abusers Should Undergo Treatment Or Criminalization943 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Among social service professionals, a major question continues to present itself. This question consists of whether or not pregnant substance abusers should undergo treatment or criminalization. In regards to Lester, Andreozzi, and Appiah’s research, the medical definition of disease is: â€Å"any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part of an organ or system (or combination thereof) of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and

Compare and contrast essay calling vs texting free essay sample

On this era, everybody depends on technology when communicating, especially on cell phones. These devices are known all over the world, and they are also used for entertainment, and to be updated with the latest news. Calling and Texting are the main methods that people use to communicate with friends, family, and others when using their cell phones. Calling has been popular since mid-1900s, but has been taken its popularity by texting since the beginning of the 20th century. Factors like the tone, and the fact that the people involved in the conversation can hear each other’s voices make a phone call more personal. Calling, should be used when the objective is to start a full conversation, argument, or a work related discussion. Though, if the objective is to confirm something, tell a quick message, or ask a short question, texting would be the proper choice. Texting is more impersonal than calling; there are no other factors involved on the conversation than what you see on the screen, the text. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast essay: calling vs texting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is no easy way to feel, or identify the other person’s emotions in a text message clearly. Texting is a misused form of communication if the objective is to spend hours on the phone, give important news, or express a strong emotion. Calling can only take place if the person that makes the call has the other person’s phone number, and if the receiver of the call takes it. On the other hand, texting compares to sending constant e-mails, there are many social medias where you can text or send a private message via internet, or having the other person’s phone number as well. Even though the receiver of the message does not see the text right away, he or she will eventually see it, and hopefully respond. Texting can be a threat to your life. About 6,000 deaths and a half a million injuries are caused by distracted drivers every year. Phone calls are safer while driving; there are Bluetooth devices that allow you to talk while both of the driver’s hands are on the wheel, and eyes are on the road. Most phones also have a speaker option where the sound increases and drivers do not need to hold the phone. Texting and Calling are two effective methods of communicating when used at the right time, place, and situation.

Tragedy In Things Fall Apart Essay Example For Students

Tragedy In Things Fall Apart Essay Consider the Aristotelian tragedy. It has yet to go the way of Eddie Bauer. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe devised a tragic African hero in Okonkwo, consistent with the classic stipulations of the figure. Thus, the novel–to its greatest practicable extent inherently existed as a tragedy on all levels to accommodate Okonkwo. To illustrate this, I will dissect and analyze the many factors that make Things Fall Apart an exemplary model of Greek tragedy by Aristotle s own towering ideals. First and foremost, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, occupying a high position within the community, innately embodying virtue and majesty. We will write a custom essay on Tragedy In Things Fall Apart specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Okonkwo distinguished himself as an exceptional wrestler, defeating Amalinze the Cat who had not been defeated in seven years and winning thus a reputation as a manly figure. In his family compound, Okonkwo lives in a hut of his own, and each of his three wives lives in a hut of her own with her children. The prosperous compound also includes an enclosure with stacks of yams, sheds for goats and hens, and a medicine house, where Okonkwo keeps the symbols of his personal god and ancestral spirits and where he offers prayers for his and his family. Though the hero may be great, he may not be perfect. We must be able to identify with him, seeing him perhaps in others or ourselves. Having a notoriously short temper and an infamously wasteful father rendered Okonkwo imperfect, one who has problems and a past like everyone else. The hero’s downfall, therefore, is partially his own fault, the result of free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate. In fact, the tragedy is usually triggered by some error of judgment or some character flaw that contributes to the hero’s lack of perfection noted above. This error of judgment or character flaw is known as hamartia and is usually (albeit hesitantly) translated as â€Å"tragic flaw†. Often the character’s hamartia involves hubris. The proud Okonkwo, a prisoner of his own male-centric culture and his disgrace-ridden ancestry, was determined to be the paragon of masculinity, producing his tragic flaw: the fear of being thought womanly, or the fear of weakness. His readiness to explode into violence sans provocation demonstrated his need to express anger through brutality and without rationalization; his stubborn and irrational behavior began to divest him negatively from the other villagers. Okonkwo s feelings differed from his words and actions, evident in the killing of Ikemefuna in the seventh chapter, where the tragic hero disregarded his inner feelings of love and protectiveness, showing that the deep abyss between his divided self accounted for the beginning of his decline. The hero’s misfortune is not wholly deserved. The punishment exceeds the crime, which is seen at different occasions: banished to the motherland for seven years (chapter fourteen) for an accidental womanly crime and his concurrent Euro-induced suicide upon his ill fated return (chapter twenty-five). Okonkwo sought to protect Umuofia s culture, only to face apathy from the townspeople, and final failure in taking his own life. The fall is not pure loss. There is some increase in awareness, some gain in self-knowledge, some discovery on the part of the tragic hero. In chapter fourteen, Okonkwo seemed to realize that his chi was not made for great things a reluctant admission that he may not achieve everything he wants because it is not his fate to do so. Two chapters later, the Roaring Flame understood the destructive nature of his behavior with the insight: Living fire begets cold, impotent ash; it left only coldness and powerlessness in others evident in his son. In the next to last chapter, he finally knew he could not save his village and its traditions no matter how fiercely he tries. .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .postImageUrl , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:hover , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:visited , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:active { border:0!important; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:active , .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udcbabf2244bcfd8ee4a74d69edadd83c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Show About Nothing EssayThe Umuofia he had loved and honored was on the verge of surrender, and Okonkwo himself felt utterly defeated. Though it elicits solemn emotion, tragedy does not leave its audience in a state of depression. Aristotle argues that one function of tragedy is to arouse the â€Å"unhealthy† emotions of pity and fear and through a catharsis (which comes from watching the tragic hero’s terrible fate) cleanse us of those emotions. Achebe accomplishes this with the successful final epiphany, completing Things Fall Apart as an exemplary model of Aristotelian tragedy, to the greatest extent possible.

A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model Essay Example

A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model Essay Example A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model Essay A New Paradigm or a Complementary Model Essay To what extent has the theory of restorative Justice been integrated into Youth Justice practice in England and Wales? Has this gone far enough? The perception by many involved in the Justice system in general, and youth Justice in particular, is that the present model of punitive retributive Justice, often involving incarceration does not work. Indeed, it may be compounding an already huge social problem. This realization has lead many to look for alternative systems. At present there is a considerable momentum building that advocates the use of a restorative justice model. Marshall has defined restorative Justice as a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offence collectively resolve how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future (Marshall, 1999). Many different commentators have differing emphasis on the expected and desired outcomes of restorative practices, in general most will emphasis the need for healing of the victim and the reintegration of the offender. In a philosophical sense this sees offending as primarily a breakdown in relationship between individuals, and only secondarily as a location of the law. In this way it tries to address the needs of both victim and offender by recognizing that all parties need to be involved if there is to be the progression from inclusion, to participation, to transformation. For this to be successful all parties must be there on a voluntary basis. (Galway, 1996) However, restorative Justice is a complicated process involving much more than the meeting of victim and offender. In many ways the restorative approaches are revolutionary. It sees that there should be a change in emphasis from punishment to problem solving. In the conventional ethos where a crime is committed it is perceived to be against the state, not against the person, it is responded to by punishment not constructive engagement, this is adversarial and not about bringing people together, and it involves a system that is imposed upon the victim and offender. (Clothier, 2008). The theoretical basis behind restorative Justice is largely philosophical and ethical. It is deeply rooted in the underpinnings of the major world religions, all of which have as a central tenant concern for ones fellow man, and a principle of treating others with fairness and compassion. Therefore it is hardly surprising given this cultural background that restorative movements would seem intuitive. In this way it can be seen as a set of ethical values about how we should relate to other human beings and especially those who cause us trouble. Christie has recognized the need for inclusion in conflict resolution, he recognizes that the conflict is owned by the participants and the involvement of the state can distort the process so that the parties involved can respond in an unhelpful way that has little chance of a successful outcome. The victim feels that the state has robbed him of the wrong he as suffered and the offender can rail against the faceless state and convince himself that he is a victim not an offender (Christie, 1977). Breathiest sees the problem in domination that is so obvious in the traditional criminal Justice system, and emphasizes the rights and indeed, desirability for all stakeholders to have a voice in the restorative process (Breathiest, 2002). It can be seen as a fundamental change in the top down imposition of state power, to a locally based, culturally appropriate and democratically based resolution of differences in a community empowered environment. He also emphasizes how the traditional system enforces separation and disengagement from the community by creating the isolation of incarceration that has the effect of preventing reintegration of the offender. To this end he has advanced his re-integrative shaming theory, which acknowledges that the offender should be ashamed for the offence, but seeks to use this feeling constructively and facilitate a wish from the offender and the community for re-integration to take place. Re-integration not segregation might be said to be the moral centre of restorative justice. Daly and others see it, as at least in part, a feminist issue, with the role of the state being a dominating masculine presence, which is in essence aggressive to both victim and offender, and a change in this dynamic must occur to allow inclusiveness (Daly,2008). To this end conventional youth Justice practice has been significantly challenged. Where restorative practices have been introduced there has been a considerable departure from the long established roles within the system. The interactive dynamic between young person and practitioner is fundamentally different in this process. Consequently, there needs to be considerable training provided for practitioners to be effective in this new approach. The centrality of the victim -offender interaction requires skilful facilitation. The professionals may have difficulty in letting go of their need to control and appear to know best what the solutions are. It is important to recognize that a facilitator allows others to reach conclusions and action plans. To be restorative is to adjust ones sense of purpose over identity as a professional, and over belief systems, not Just intellectually, but in owe you act in relation to others and this can only be learned from experience. Establishing the centrality of the restorative approach in youth Justice can certainly be seen as a considerable divergence from the long established punitive model of justice much loved by the popular press, and often its readers. Mahoney,2008) The Youth Justice Board oversees the Youth Justice system in England and Wales; it has promoted restorative Justice since 2001. It has stated that it wishes to broaden deepen and extend the practice of restorative Justice within the youth Justice system so that the system is more victim based, more young people who offend are held to account, more young people learn about the consequences of their actions and make reparations, more young people choose not to re-offend. This, it believes, will also lead to continued improvement of restorative practices, improve referral orders and youth panels, promote restorative Justice in the secure estate and develop a coherent long-term restorative Justice policy. (YES, 2006) There have been 11 pilot areas chosen to roll out restorative practices within England and Wales. Some, such as The Thames Valley have been in existence for a substantial tie ambitious stated aims such as Hull, which has the desire to be a Restorative City. Faulkner, 2009). One other area within the UK does deserve a special mention, Northern Ireland. It has made the process of restorative Justice central to the process of societal change for what is hoped to be a post-conflict dynamic. It is obvious that many of these changes come from the desire for wider conflict resolution, nonetheless the early feedback is very encouraging in terms of efficacy of practice and it is an area that should yield much useful information that the rest of the UK an use as a resource. Campbell, 2005) There are many types of restorative approaches that can be used depending on the nature of the offence and the local circumstances. -Victim -offender mediation where there is direct communication between the victim and offender facilitated by a trained mediator. -Restorative conferencing where in addition to the victim and offender other people connected to the victim and offender also participate. -Family group conferencing where members of the wider family participate and there is a particular onus on the family to provide an acceptable solution. Youth offender panels where trained community volunteers work alongside members of the Youth Offender team to talk to young people their parents and where possible the victim to agree a tailor made contract aimed at addressing the offending behavior. It is important to realism that restorative Justice is not the soft option and many offenders find it difficult to face up to the impact of their crime. The youth Justice And Criminal evidence act 1999 introduced referral orders, given to most 10-17 year olds who plead guilty to a first offence, unless the charge is serious enough to warrant custody. After a court appearance there is a referral to a Youth Offender Panel (HOP), which consists of three trained volunteers assisted by a HOT worker. It is their role to determine the best course of action. The victim can be invited to put their views to the panel meeting but the offender and his/her parents must attend. A contract is then agreed with the offender and this might include some form of reparation for the victim. At present examples of good practice and attendance rates vary widely from area to area. (YES 2008). There are many opportunities for the successful introduction of effective youth restorative practices. It has reflected the zeitgeist of the nation and has been given a sympathetic hearing by the media, who present it as a constructive advance. It is attractive to politicians and policy makers, not least because of the perception that it can create community capital, especially improvement in the public confidence in the criminal Justice system and other agencies with responsibility for delivering a response to anti-social behavior. This has then to be delivered in a practical way, the final shape of which will ultimately be determined by the practitioners. This will be through a process of implementation, appraisal and re-examination to determine best practice, which will need to have a local interpretation. The success of the restorative approach will depend on it being an individually tailored solution involving interaction between offender, victim and the community ( Hughes, 2002). There is also considerable good will amongst professionals working with young people to move to a more restorative There are also many obstacles that may come from the same sources as the opportunities. These may be structural, political or cultural. This triad has combined n a way that has strained the ability of the Youth Offender Team organization to succeed and created a poor atmosphere for restorative practices. (Stallions, 2008). At the heart of the restorative process there can be a conflict, as intrinsic in the concept, is the reduction of the power of the state. Restorative practices empower citizens with powers that once lay in the hands of the state. (Breathiest, 2002). The desire for the government to find a one size fits all solution has the risk of undermining the restorative process. On paper referral orders provide a perfect setting for initiating estimative practices in reality there are some barriers. It can be difficult to get young people to take responsibility for their actions and therefore the admission of guilt, which is so central, can be problematic. The question of appropriate sentencing is vital. It is frequently asserted that restorative Justice is most effective with more serious offences, where there is a definite victim (Sherman, 2007). Where a restorative approach is used by way of a referral order for low level crimes especially where the victim is hard to identify such as traffic or insurance related offences the outcomes re less good, and indeed it can be very difficult to have an appropriate restorative contract for these offences. Therefore the courts and others should consider carefully when the restorative approach is likely to be effective. The length of sentence can have an impact on effectiveness in restorative Justice, in particular 3 month orders do not allow enough time to work with young people and in particular there may not be sufficient time to take up suitable placements. Many of the young people sentenced to referral orders have complex personal and social problems that will require a lit-agency approach, all of which takes time. The court may make a compensation order in addition this may not sit well with reparation as it can be perceived as a double punishment. On a practical level compensation orders run for 2. 5 years and are not spent on completion like referral orders. This has the problem of a discoverable record that may be a barrier to employability. For reparation to be successful there have to be places on meaningful projects, these are often limited in number, there are little controls over availability and may be seasonal so appropriate allocation can be fraught. These are classic policy- practice conflicts. The government and policy makers are keen to promote a restorative approach and bring it to the heart of the youth Justice system however there is an underestimation as to what is actually required in terms of organization, training, communication and resources. The government appears to assume that the restorative approach will ultimately prove cost effective but will not necessarily be receptive to feedback on the true cost of restoration well done. It is intensive and expensive. Improved communication is ITIL as misconceptions abound. Restorative Justice and reparation are frequently confused, as are reparations and interventions and clearer definitions are required. There can be a lack of confidence from practitioners and the public about what restorative Justice may be expected to achieve. And among young people it is important to recognize that, for some, the perception is that the restorative process was there to embarrass them, and that the process of reparation was perceived as a victim central and to reduce crime. However, in practice, if this is to be so, the time frame needs to change. The referral officer needs to meet the offender within 5 days, leaving 15 days to compile an impact assessment and report, as the initial panel meeting must be within 20 days, this is often impractical. There must be a degree of preparation of those who will be involved. There must be preparation of family members for the potential for high expression of emotion, and the disclosure of confidential information that may arise. Therefore it can be seen that while putting policy in place can easily be done there are many barriers for this to be translated into effective practice. To do restorative practice well, may by necessity, be expensive and resource intensive. Theory is relatively simple to formulate, policy is also relatively straightforward, but it is the finessing of these into an effective practice that is so difficult. The early advocates of restorative Justice point to a past in which civilizations from the time of the Babylonian Hamburg have made free use of restorative practices. In the post-modern context it represents a search for a world with less crime and more Justice. There is growing realization that endlessly increasing the prison population is unlikely to achieve this goal. In restorative practices many see the potential for a system that can bring more offenders to justice, perhaps reduce the cost of Justice while reducing the personal cost of crime to the victim. There has been a large body of research carried out on restorative justice. This has shown more positive results than for most innovations in criminal justice. This evidence should support a roll out of restorative practices on a learn as you go basis. Some have suggested that a Restorative Justice Board, which would be smaller than, but based on the YES, could support this approach. This could monitor reactive, design new tests of strategies and where necessary recommend change. In the traditional notion of adversarial retributive Justice, there will be, almost by definition, a loser. The restorative approach while not guaranteeing two winners, may at least give the possibility that there will not be two losers. The integration into policy and practice has been surprisingly rapid. As to the question, whether this has gone far enough? I would say that because of the difficulties, and the policy practice conflicts, the long-term effects of restorative Justice should be evaluated before it is shed out as a universal approach and highly regulated by government. If this happens too quickly without local adaptation and continual reassessment, which is culturally sensitive, it is possible that a very promising approach will go the way of all fashions and become rapidly obsolete and reviled. However the real power of restorative Justice may lie in people listening to the stories of others. There will be circumstances where the victim and offender will have their stories or indeed their voice heard for the first time. This acknowledges that all acts are consequences and have to be seen in that context. Core to the restorative process is listening, this should be respectful, attentive and sympathetic. (Prangs, 2006). Breathiest, T (2002) Setting Standards for Restorative Justice. British Journal of Criminology. London.

Use the Theory of Constraints and Activity-Based Costing to Determine Essay

Use the Theory of Constraints and Activity-Based Costing to Determine the Optimal Product Mix Decisions - Essay Example Broadly, expanded ABC approach, TOC based approach and the multi-factor approaches have been discussed which have deeper implications in designing an optimal product mix for a manufacturing entity. Expanded ABC based Model The shortcomings of traditional costing to incorporate production process are mainly encompassed by Theory of Constraints (TOC) and Activity Based Costing (ABC). Production decisions become quite convenient when they are facilitated by the paradigms of TOC and ABC gelling together (Kee). Apparently it seemed as if the both of these paradigms have the nature of competing with each other in assisting production decisions. However, later on when their strengths and limitations were analyzed, a complementary view of both the paradigms came into effect. If the product cost obtained under ABC, is incorporated with the availability of the physical resources, a comprehensive model of production process can be developed which can facilitate the production decisions by implementing the principles and guidelines of the Theory of Constraints. Mixed-integer programming is the framework which is used to integrate the product cost estimated under ABC with the availability of physical resources along with the production capacities. The major benefit provided by the mixed-integer programming is the effectiveness of decisions relating to marketing and production. With the help of the expanded model of ABC, a firm can evaluate simultaneous results of product cost, availability of physical resources and the marketing opportunities in order to identify an optimal product mix. The other major benefit of expanded ABC prog ram includes the identification of bottleneck resources and their economic impacts upon the firm’s production process. Identification of excess resources is also a hallmark for the expanded ABC approach due to which those excess resources can be deployed elsewhere to enhance the overall productivity of the firm. Lastly, the program for continuous improvement can also be identified and applied which can enhance the potential productivity and profitability of the firm because of the implementation of expanded ABC approach. Besides the advantages of the expanded ABC approach, there are different sorts of limitations attached with the implementation of this approach. Expanded ABC approach takes into consideration the quantitative effects of the revenues, product cost, availability of resources and the production capabilities. However, in order to design an optimal product mix, qualitative factors also play their significant part over which the expanded ABC approach remains silent . As a result, expanded ABC approach barely manages to provide only partial information regarding the marketing and the production decisions. Another limitation of expanded ABC is the usefulness of the reliance of this approach towards estimates and assumptions regarding the business activities of the firm over a certain time period. There is a strong dependency of the usefulness of the decisions taken under expanded ABC approach on the accuracy of the estimates and assumptions used by the firm. Lastly, the cost of implementing expanded ABC model can turn out to be on a higher side because of the substantial amount of time and effort required in its implementation, analysis of the results inferred from the mixed-integer programming and other related activities. However, it is important to note that the cost of

Nitendo case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nitendo case - Essay Example Barrier to entry is observed due to the requirement of a large user base. ii) Demand and Supply Analysis: The lower the price, the higher is the demand. The achievement of profit maximization point prevails in the suppliers’ minds. iii) Economies of Scale: Difficult to reap advantages from economies of scale due to low selling price of consoles and sophisticated technology. iv) Core Competencies: Modernized console and controller design, marketing and attractive game designs lifted up Nintendo. Nintendo is a participant of oligopoly market and along with few strong competitors like Sony and Microsoft it occupies around 96% of the market. Its three focal competencies: excellent marketing skills, modernized consoles and dynamic game designs, provide it with perennial demand by its consumers thereby, placing it much ahead of its competitors in the market. Nintendo’s expertise in attractive consoles, controller designs, handhelds and games are its tools which are precious to the consumer and can neither be imitated nor substituted. On July 7, 2006, Nintendo opened a South Korean subsidiary in Seoul (â€Å"Nintendo†, 2006). Nintendo’s performance has been appropriately measured by depicting the Net Income and Revenue, the Stock Value, the Net Profit Margin and the Earning per Share. The behavior of the consumer and the industry, the market structure, the extent of competition along with the core competencies like innovativeness, marketing and attractive game designs provide ample scope for evaluating Nintendo’s performance. Financial difficulties need to be overcome. Market to a lifetime consumer should be the target. For Mario game, aim should be to capture consumers of 28 years of age by redesigning it. The Nintendo Revolution is ideal at the moment. Price of the new console should be $ 200 which is much lower than others. This low cost will reap benefits of market domination thereby

History of H&M Essay Example for Free

History of HM Essay H M, (Hennes Mauritz AB) is a Swedish multinational retail-clothing company, known for its trendy fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. It started out as a single womenswear store in 1947, and subsequently transformed to a global company offering fashion for the whole family, and their home. The business concept is to give the customer unbeatable value by offering fashion and quality at the best price. HM ensures the best price by having few middlemen, having a broad, in-depth knowledge of design, fashion, textiles, buying the right products from the right markets, and being cost-conscious at every stage. HM is driven by seven core values, namely; Keep it simple, Straight forward and open-minded, Constant improvement, Entrepreneurial spirit, Cost conscious, Team work, Belief in people. HM’s quality testing is extensive, coupled with hard work to make sure goods are produced with least possible environmental impact and under good working conditions. Production is outsourced to independent suppliers as HM does not own any factories. Apart from this, HM does not own any of its stores, as they rent store space from international and local landlords. HM is present in 43 countries and has employed about 94,000 people as of 2011. It has 2,325 stores at end of 2011 and 2,629 stores at end of August 2012. It is ranked the second largest global clothing retailer behind Zara and No. 1 user of organic cotton worldwide. Current Logistics process of HM HM does not own any factory, they have outsourced to external suppliers that managed two departments: Procurement and Production. The Procurement function focuses on customers, fashion and composition of the range. The clothing designs are created in Sweden by around 100 internal designers, 50 pattern designers and an estimated 100 buyers. HM’s method of production is customer-driven. The company puts emphasis into research and forecasting of emerging trends, both through traditional research methods and innovative ones such as street trends. This activity is conducted by central staff and national offices which are responsible for detecting new trends. The production function involves 21 production offices. HM purchases garments from about 750 suppliers, in which 60% of production takes place in Asia and the rest mainly in Europe. The production offices have a mediating function between the internal buying department and external suppliers. They ensure that the buyers’ orders are sent to the right supplier, the goods produced are of the correct price and quality and that the suppliers adhere to the company’s code of conduct. Additionally, production offices also deal with the checking and testing of sample garments, which contributes to reducing lead times. The decision of determining which supplier is the right one is not only a matter of cost-efficiency but is dependent on other factors such as transport times, import quotas and quality control aspects. To reduce risk, buying is carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the year. Continuous IT developments over the years have helped to support HM logistics. While the inventory management is primarily handled within the HM organisation, transport is outsourced to third parties. In terms of distribution, HM adopts sea transportation where their finished products are shipped to a distribution centre in Germany, which will serve as a transit terminal. The transit terminal will be en-routed to receive the goods from all the suppliers across the world. Upon arrival at the designated location, goods are inspected and allocated either in a store or in the centralised warehouse. The role of the warehouse is to hold and replenish inventory levels in stores according to selling trends.